tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58407123685242914082024-03-21T02:33:49.955-07:00Forensic Medicine and ToxicologyNews, Views, Articles, OpinionsDr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-41994299950621531902015-01-26T22:36:00.000-08:002015-01-27T00:50:48.867-08:00Preparation for the Board Exams <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u><b>Preparation for the Board Exams </b></u></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Last few weeks can be a stressful time for all students–I know it used to be for
me. Knowing how to properly prepare is the key to
avoiding stress and acing not only in Forensic Medicine but in every single paper.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">1. <u>Plan your study, give enough time</u>:- Don't leave it until the last minute. While some students do seem to
thrive on last-minute 'cramming', it's widely accepted that this is not the best way to approach an exam. Set out a timetable
for your study.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">2. <u>Condense your study material, use flow charts and diagrams</u>:- Visual aids can be really helpful when revising. Closer to the
exam, condense your revision notes, getting your
ideas down in brief format can then help you to quickly recall
everything you need to know during the exam.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">3. <u><b>Practice on old exams-question papers (at least of past 10 years)</b></u>:- One of the most effective ways to prepare for exams is to practice
taking past versions. This helps you get used to the format of the
questions, know the instructions that might be given to you in question paper and---if you time yourself---can also be good practice for
making sure you spend the right amount of time on each question. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Pictures might be asked in theory as well as viva, try to get exposed to as many pictures as you can. You can get few here at this link---- <a href="http://www.pinterest.com/abhishekkarn/forensic-medicine/" target="_blank">Forensic-Medicine Pictures</a> OR go to this-------- http://www.pinterest.com/abhishekkarn/forensic-medicine/</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">4. <u>Discuss with friends</u> :- Get together with friends for a study session or just start discussion on a topic anywhere.
You may have questions that they have the answers to and vice versa. As
long as you make sure you stay focused on the topic for an agreed
amount of time, this can be one of the most effective ways to challenge
yourself.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">5. <u>Take regular breaks while studying</u>:- While you may think it's best to study for as many hours as possible,
this can actually be counterproductive. Likewise studies have
shown that for long-term retention of knowledge, taking regular breaks
really helps. Try not to feel guilty about being out enjoying the sunshine for a while instead
of hunched over your textbooks </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">6. <u>Snack on 'brain food'</u>:- Keep away from junk food! what you eat can really have an
impact on energy levels and focus. Keep your body and brain well-fuelled
by choosing nutritious foods
that have been proven to aid concentration and memory, such as <b>fish,
nuts (almonds), seeds, glucose, chocolates, Vit. B-complex supplements-----</b>- eat a
good meal before the exams, based on foods that will provide a slow
release of energy throughout. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> 7.<u> Have Coffee</u>:- Caffeine is a known CNS stimulant, so to bear off mental and physical fatigue and to improve focus have black-coffee in between studies.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">8. <u>Drink plenty of water</u>:- Remember that being well hydrated is essential for
your brain to work at its best. Make sure you keep drinking plenty of
water throughout your revision, and also on the exam day.</span></span></div>
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<u><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">!!!!!!! Good luck !!!!!!!!</span></span></b></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-76004851445857169542015-01-13T22:46:00.003-08:002015-01-13T22:51:24.395-08:00MEDICAL ETHICS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><u>MEDICAL ETHICS</u></b></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Dr. Abhishek Karn</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Dept. of Forensic Medicine
& Toxicology</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Medical service is the most humane of all the
services to humanity.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Ethics is the understanding
of moral values.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><b><u>Medical ethics</u></b> is a system of moral
principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine. <u>It deals
with the moral principles which should guide members of the medical profession
in their dealings with each other, their patients and the State</u>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>A common framework used in
the analysis of medical ethics is the "4 principles" approach postulated
by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress which are to be judged and weighed against
each other, with attention given to the scope of their application. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">·<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><u>The 4 principles are:</u></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><u><b>Respect for autonomy</b></u> - the patient has the right to
refuse or choose their treatment.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><u><b>Beneficence</b></u> - a practitioner should act in the best
interest of the patient.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><u><b>Non-maleficence</b></u> - "first, do no harm" </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><u><b>Justice</b></u> - concerns the distribution of scarce health
resources, and the decision of who gets what treatment (fairness and equality).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Other values that are
sometimes discussed include:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><u><b>Respect for persons</b></u> - the patient (and the person
treating the patient) have the right to be treated with dignity.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><u><b>Truthfulness and honesty</b></u> - (<b><u>Informed Consent</u></b>--refers
to the idea that a person must be fully informed about and understand the
potential benefits and risks of their choice of treatment. An uninformed person
is at risk of mistakenly making a choice not reflective of his or her values or
wishes. It does not specifically mean the process of obtaining consent, or the
specific legal requirements, which vary from place to place, for capacity to
consent. Patients can elect to make their own medical decisions, or can
delegate decision-making authority to another party. The value of informed
consent is closely related to the values of autonomy and truth telling.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><u>NMC -
Code of Ethics</u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>CODE OF ETHICS---
• The code of ethics is the rules framed in this line and on the basis of this
sense of moral values to guide the conduct of all concerned.</b></span></span></div>
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</span>The Nepal
Medical Council has in accordance with the Nepal Medical Council Act 1964,
passed a medical Code of Ethics, which <b>all doctors registered under it, are
to abide by</b>. </span></span></div>
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</span>The code
is as follows:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>1. DECLARATION</b>:- </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(The following
declaration should be read and agreed upon by the applicant at the time of
registration)</span></span></div>
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</span>I
solemnly pledge myself to dedicate my life to the <b>service of humanity</b>.</span></span></div>
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</span>Even
under threat and duress I will <b>not use my knowledge contrary to the norms of
humanity</b>.</span></span></div>
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</span>I will
maintain the <b>utmost respect for human life </b>right from the time of
conception as per the laws of the land.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>I will
not allow consideration of <b>age, sex, religion, nationality, ethnicity,
politics, or social standing </b>to intervene between my duty and my patient.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>I will carry out my professional duties with <b>conscience
and dignity.</b></span></span></div>
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</span>The <b>health
of my patient </b>will be my first consideration.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>I will
respect the <b>secrets of my patients </b>confided in me.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><b>I will give to my teachers the respect and gratitude
that is their due.</b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span>I will
maintain, by all means in my power, the <b>honour and noble traditions of the
medical profession</b>.</span></span></div>
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</span>I will
maintain <b>utmost rapport with my professional colleagues</b>. </span></span></div>
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</span><b>I make
these promises solemnly, freely and upon my honour</b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>2. GENERAL
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL ETHICS</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.1 <u>Character
of the Physician</u></span></span></div>
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</span>A
physician should be an upright Person, instructed in the art of healing. </span></span></div>
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</span>S/he
should possess good character and be diligent in caring for the sick. </span></span></div>
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</span>S/he
should also be modest, sober, patient, alert, and prompt in action.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.2 <u>Responsibility
of the Physician to Medical Profession</u></span></span></div>
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</span>The main
aim of the medical profession is to render service to the cause of humanity. </span></span></div>
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</span>S/he
should work with full devotion and should always try to improve medical
knowledge and skill so that patients and colleagues are maximally benefited. </span></span></div>
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</span>The
physician should practice medicine on scientific basis and should not be
associated professionally with anyone who violates this principle.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.3 <u>Advertising
in Medical Practice</u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>2.3.1 <u>General
Consideration</u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Nepal
Medical Council (NMC) does not wish to hinder the ethical dissemination of
relevant factual information about the services available at an institution or
being provided by a physician. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>This can
help the patient to make informed choice seeking treatment and assist
physicians in advising their patients on the choice of specialist. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>The
council recognizes the duty the medical profession has in disseminating
information about advances in medical science and therapeutics, provided that
it is done in an ethical manner.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Solicitation
of patients directly or indirectly, by a physician, by groups of physicians or
by institutions or organizations is unethical. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Self-advertisement
is not only incompatible with the principles, which should govern relationships
between members of a profession but could be a source of danger to the public. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>A
physician successful at achieving publicity may not be the most appropriate
physician for a patient to consult and also may raise illusionary hopes of cure
in extreme cases.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A physician is
allowed to make a formal announcement of the following in the press related to
medical practice.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>On
starting practice.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>On change
of type of practice.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>On change
of address.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>On
temporary absence from duty.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>On
resumption of another practice.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>On
succeeding to another practice.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.3.2 <u>Privacy,
Security and Confidentiality of Information of the Patients</u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>It is not
a breach of confidentiality to release or transfer confidential health care
information required for the purpose of conducting scientific research,
management audits, financial audits, programme evaluations, or similar studies
provided the information released <b>dose not identify directly or indirectly
any individual patient</b> in any report of such research audit or evaluation
or otherwise disclose patient's identity in any manner.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.4 <u>Terms of
Payment of Professional Services</u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Fee for
professional services provided to the patient should be clarified at the time
of the service given. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>It is
unethical to enter into a contract of – ‘no cure no payment’.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.5 <u>Running
or Opening a Medical Shop</u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>A
physician should not run a shop for dispensing prescriptions prescribed by
physician other than himself or sale of the medical or surgical appliances.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.6 <u>Secret
Remedies</u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>It is
unethical to prescribe drugs or formulations about which the physician has no
knowledge about its composition and pharmacological action.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.7 <u>Commission</u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>It is
unethical to receive or offer any gift, gratuity, commission, or bonus in
consideration of or in return for referring, recommending, or procuring of
patient for prescribing medical and surgical treatment, investigation and
consultation.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.8 <u>Legal
Restrictions</u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>A
physician should always follow the Nepal Medical Council rules and regulation,
which regulate the practice of medicine. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>S/he
should also abide by other laws enforced in the country.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>3. DUTIES OF
PHYSICIANS TO THEIR PATIENTS</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3.1 Obligation
to the Patient</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>A
physician is not bound to treat each and every patient asking for his services <b>except
in emergencies</b>, but s/he should be ready to respond to the calls of the
sick and injured in conformity with the high character of medical profession.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3.2 Patient's
Secrecy</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Patient's
confidence concerning individual or domestic life entrusted by the patient to a
physician and observed during medical attendance should never be divulged
unless the laws of the country require its revelation. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Even in
such circumstances it should only be made after formal protest.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3.3 Prognosis of
the Disease</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>A
physician should explain the nature of the illness to the patient. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>S/he
should neither exaggerate nor minimize the gravity of a patient's condition but
should always be sympathetic to the patient and his/her family.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3.4 Service to
the Patients</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>A
physician is free to choose whom to serve except in emergency cases. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>But once
s/he undertakes a patient for treatment s/he should not reject the patient
without giving reasonable time or information in advance to the patient and
his/her relatives.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3.5 Consent</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>A
physician must seek an informed written consent prior to performing a
diagnostic or treatment procedure. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Consent
should be taken from the patient if s/he is above sixteen years, but in the
case of minors or unconscious patients, consent from guardian can be taken. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>If there
is an emergency and nobody is available to sign consent on behalf of patient,
it is the responsibility of the physician to start the treatment. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>It is
obligatory for the physician to explain the nature of the procedure and the
expected result.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3.6 Attendant</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>A
physician should keep in all instances an attendant before examining a patient
of the opposite sex.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3.7 Continuity
of Treatment</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>A
physician should not discontinue the treatment except in the following
conditions:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Refusal
to pay the fee for service.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Non-compliance
with the recommended treatment.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Exerting
undue pressure to prescribe unnecessary drugs.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Forcing
to do an immoral act in his/her favour.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>When
physician himself is unwell.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>4. DUTIES OF THE
PHYSICIAN TO THE MEDICAL PROFESSION</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4.1 Honour of
the Profession</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>A
physician should uphold the dignity and honour of medical profession to the
highest standard.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4.2 Membership
in Medical Societies</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>For the
advancement of profession, a physician is encouraged to affiliate with medical
societies and contribute his time, energy and other means so that these
societies may represent the ideals of the profession.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4.3 Safeguard to
the Profession</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>The
physician should not employ, in connection with his professional practice, any
physician who is neither registered nor enlisted under the Nepal Medical
Council Act in force, and should not permit such persons to attend, treat or
perform operations upon patients so as to endanger their life.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4.4 Exposure of
Unethical Conduct</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>It is the
duty of the physician to report to the NMC without fear of any incompetent,
corrupt, and dishonest member or unethical conduct on the part of members of
the profession.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>5. DUTIES OF
PHYSICIANS TO THE FAMILY MEMBERS OF THE PROFESSIONAL COLLEAGUES</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>It is not
mandatory that a physician should not charge fee from another physician or
his/her immediate family members for rendering professional services. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>But the
physician should consider it a pleasure and privilege to render such services
to their professional colleagues and their immediate family members, free of
charge as far as possible.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>6. DUTIES OF
PHYSICIAN IN CONSULTATION</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>In case
of any doubt or difficulty, a physician should request consultation with other
colleagues giving priority to the patient's benefit. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>No
insincerity, rivalry, or envy should be indulged in during consultation.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>During
the temporary absence of one physician, if s/he requests another physician to
attend his/her patients, it is a professional courtesy to accept such a
request. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Upon such
temporary appointment, the physician acting under such privilege should give
utmost consideration to the interest and representation of the absent
physician.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>A
physician should not usually take charge of or visit another physician's
patient in the same illness except in emergency. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>If s/he
does so in emergency, then it is his/her duty to explain the reason of visit
and treatment given to the patient to his/her colleague.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>7. DISCIPLINARY
ACTIONS</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>There are
certain kinds of <b>professional misconduct and criminal offences,</b> which
lead to disciplinary proceedings or which in the opinion of the Nepal Medical
Council (NMC), could give rise to a charge of serious professional misconduct. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Any abuse
of the professional privileges accorded to him/her or restriction of
professional duty or serious breach of medical ethics may lead to charge of <b>serious
professional misconduct</b>. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>In
accordance with the Nepal Medical Council Act and Regulations, NMC will form <b>professional
conduct and health committee</b>, which will then recommend the gravity of
conviction to Nepal Medical Council.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>8. PROFESSIONAL
CONDUCT AND PERSONAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE PHYSICIAN</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><u>8.1.1
Neglect or Disregard by physician of Their Professional Responsibilities to
patients for Their Care and Treatment</u></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>a</b>. <b>Neglect or Disregard on Medical Care</b>:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>The Nepal
Medical Council may institute disciplinary proceedings when a physician seriously
disregards or neglects professional duties to his/her patient.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>b. Improper
Delegation of Medical Duties: </b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>It is the
responsibility of a physician to delegate his/her responsibility of management
of the patient to his/her subordinates e.g., nurses, paramedical, medical
personnel etc. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Therefore,
h/she should be fully satisfied that the person to whom these duties are
delegated is competent enough to carry these out.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>8.1.2 Abuse of
Professional Privileges and Skills</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a. Prescribing
Narcotic Drugs to Addicts:-</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>All
physicians must provide standard medical care as allowed by available
resources. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>A
physician should not prescribe or supply controlled drugs to addicted persons
other than in the course of bonafide treatment.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">b. Medical
Certificates:-</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Physicians
are expected to exercise care in issuing medical certificates or similar
documents.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><b>c. Termination
of pregnancy</b><br />
The law of the country prohibits the termination of pregnancy unless medically
indicated.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><b>d. Sex
Determination</b><br />
Divulging the gender of a foetus should not be done in USG or other
investigation report as this may lead to subsequent termination.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><b>e. Professional
Confidence</b><br />
A physician should not disclose information, which he obtained in confidence
from or about a patient except in conditions required by law. The infirmity of
the patient and prognosis should not be told to others not directly concerned.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><b>f.
Improper Pressure</b><br />
A physician should not exert improper pressure upon a patient to lend him money
or to alter the patient's will in his favour.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><b>g.
Emotional or Sexual Relationship</b><br />
A physician should not enter into any emotional or sexual relationship with
patient or a member of patient's family, which may disrupt the patient's life,
damage, or distress the patient or his or her family.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>8.2 Personal
Behaviour</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>To keep
up the reputation of the medical profession in the public, a physician should
maintain proper standard of personal behaviour not only in professional duties
but at other times as well. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>The following
are the three main areas of personal behaviour, which may lead to disciplinary
proceedings:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><b>a. Abuse
of Alcohol and Drugs</b><br />
Treating the patient under the influence of alcohol or drugs is liable to
disciplinary proceedings.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><b>b.
Dishonesty</b><br />
Criminal deception, forgery, fraud, theft, and any other offences involving
morality and honesty are liable to disciplinary action.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><b>c.
Indecency and Violence</b><br />
Indecent behaviour or violent assault on a patient would be regarded as a
serious professional misconduct.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>9. UNPROFESSIONAL ACTIONS AND MISCONDUCTS</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>9.1 A
physician should use an <b>18x14 inch size signboard </b>and write his <b>name,
NMC number, qualification, titles, and name of his specialty</b>. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>The
<b>letters should be in blue on a white background</b>. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>S/he
should not use the International Red Cross symbol to make known the fact of
being a physician. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>It is
<b>improper to affix a signboard on a chemist's shop</b>.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>9.2 A
physician should not encourage any direct or indirect advertisement in the
media, with or without photograph, of a congratulatory nature that is linked
with professional services being offered.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>9.3 A
physician should not use touts or agents for procuring patients.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>9.4 A
physician should not insult or misbehave with fellow physicians by words
or behaviour.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>10. POWER OF
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND HEALTH</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>COMMITTEE</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>The
committee will initially enquire all the complaints and issues related to
professional misconduct. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>At the
conclusion of any inquiry regarding professional misconduct, the committee will
decide one of the following alternatives, according to the severity of
misconduct:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10.1 Warn and
conclude the case</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>In case
the physician is found innocent, the committee will admonish and conclude the
case.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10.2 Put on
probation by postponing judgement</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>The
committee can recommend Nepal Medical Council to put a physician on probation
for a specified period, and in this period, professional referees are appointed
to look after the conduct of the convicted physician. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>If
referees furnish the satisfactory report of conduct after a specified period,
then the case will be normally concluded.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10.3
Recommendation of name to be struck off the register</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>In case
of unsatisfactory report of conduct from referees or if there is a serious
professional misconduct or conviction by court in criminal cases involving
moral or ethical issues, the committee may recommend erasure of physician's
registration to the Nepal Medical Council. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>If a
physician's registration is erased, s/he ceases to practice as a registered
physician; the erasure of registration, in accordance with the NMC Act, will be
for two years.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10.4 Application
for restoration of registration</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Application
for restoration of registration can be made to the Professional Conduct and
Health Committee at any time after 2 years from the date of erasure. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>The
Professional Conduct and Health Committee determine every application on its
merits any may recommend unconditional or conditional restoration or
registration or extend the period or erasure for another one year. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>In case
of unsuccessful application, a further period of at least 12 months must elapse
before a further application can be made.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>11. ERASURE OF
NAME FROM MEDICAL REGISTER</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>The NMC
can order the erasure of name of physician from the medical register for two
years on recommendation of the Professional Conduct and Health Committee. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>The
erasure remains effective unless the physician's application is accepted for
restoration of name to the medical register.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>12. APPEAL
AGAINST ERASURE IN COURT</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">0<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>If a
physician's registration is erased from the medical register for whatever
reason, s/he has got the right to appeal to the court against it.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-33302801345990217562015-01-12T21:07:00.000-08:002015-01-12T23:55:01.181-08:00TORTURE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 72.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">TORTURE</span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dr.
Abhishek Karn</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asst.
Professor</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dept.
of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, UCMS</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Torture
of human beings is as old as human race itself. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In
order to increase influence over others, strong human beings have always beaten
the weak folk. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Reasons
for torture can include <b>punishment, revenge, political re-education,
interrogation or coercion </b>of the victim or a third party.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">It
is considered to be a violation of human rights, and is declared to be
unacceptable by the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
U.N. convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
or punishment has defined torture as:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“Any
act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is
intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or
third person, information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or third
person has committed or is suspected to have committed, or intimidating or
coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of
any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of
or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting
in an official capacity.”</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Definition</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><b>Torture</b> is defined as the
deliberate, systematic or wanton infliction of physical or mental suffering by
one or more persons acting alone or on the orders of any authority, to force
another person to yield information, to make a confession, or for any other
reason (<u>1975 Declaration of Tokyo</u>)</span>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
methods of torture can be classified as follows</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
<b><u>PHYSICAL TORTURE</u>: most common; </b>caused by infliction of pain on an
individual; methods are:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(a)
<b>Beating: </b>The common weapons/ objects include baton, hands, feet or any
other instrument. Usually, blunt weapons are used. Usual injuries are <u>abrasions,
contusion and lacerations</u>. Head injury may be there. Sometimes, rupture of
liver or hollow organs is also seen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(b)
<b>Falanga: </b>Severe beating on soles of the feet; common in police beatings
as due to thick skin, injuries are not much obvious.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(c)
<b>Ear torture: </b>Twisting of external ear may be done. Beating on both ears
may cause rupture of tympanic membrane and hearing loss. It is sometimes
referred to as ‘<b>telephano</b>’.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(d)
<b>Finger torture: </b>Pencil or a small object is kept between fingers and
pressed on.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(e)
<b>Hair torture: </b>Pulling of hair or dragging by hair.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(f)
<b>Suspension: </b>The victim may be suspended by legs, hands or hair and may
be beaten with rods.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(g)
<b>Forced position: </b>The person may be forced to remain in forced positions
for hours.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(h)
<b>Electric torture: </b>Electrodes may be kept on ears, tongue, genitalia or
nipples. Small currents are passed which are very painful.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(i)
<b>Suffocation: </b>two types<b>:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Wet submarine</span></u></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:
When head is thrown </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">into water, blood, urine or
vomitus.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">• <span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Dry submarine</span></u></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">:
When a plastic bag is </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">applied on the face.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(j)
<b>Burning or cold torture: </b>When heat or cold is applied to torture.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
<b><u>PSYCHOLOGICAL TORTURE</u>: </b>common types of psychological tortures:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(a)
<b>Sensory deprivation: </b>Keeping in dark, noiseless room; may be
blind-folded.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(b)
<b>Perceptual deprivation: </b>Changing place many times while blind-folded so
as to lose perception of places.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(c)
<b>Deprivation of basic need: </b>Holding of food, water, clothes
communication, etc. for a long time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(d)
<b>Social deprivation: </b>Confining<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to
solitary cell.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(e)
<b>Witness torture: </b>Victims are forced to see the torture of fellow-victims
so as to instill fear in them.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(f)
<b>Threats and humiliation: </b>Urination on victims, extending threats of
death, showing sham executions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
<b><u>SEXUAL TORTURE</u>:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(a)
<b>Sexual torture using instruments:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(i)
Penetration of vagina or anus by batons, rods, bottles or similar objects.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(ii)
Suspension of weights on penis or scrotum.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(iii) Electric
torture of the sexual organs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(iv)
Mutilation of breasts, genital organs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(b)
<b>Sexual torture by using animals:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(i) Rape by
trained dogs, monkeys, etc.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(ii) Rats, mice, spiders, lizards, etc., </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">introduced
into the vagina or anus.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(c)
<b>Sexual torture without the use of instruments:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(i) Verbal
sexual abuse and humiliation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(ii) Undressed
in front of others</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(iii) Rape by
person of the opposite sex</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(iv) Sexual
assault by person of same sex</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(v) Squeezing
breasts</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(vi) Forced to
masturbate in front of others</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(vii) Forced
to perform sexual torture on other victims</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(viii) Forced
pregnancy</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(ix) Being
photographed in humiliating positions and situations.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4.
<u>PHARMACOLOGICAL TORTURE </u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">is the use of
drugs to produce psychological or physical pain or discomfort or to facilitate
confessions.</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">EFFECTS</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
consequences of torture reach far beyond immediate pain. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Many
victims suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which includes
symptoms such as </span></div>
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">flashbacks (or
intrusive thoughts), </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">severe
anxiety, </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">insomnia,
nightmares, </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">depression and
memory lapses. </span></li>
</ol>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Torture
victims often feel guilt and shame, triggered by the humiliation they have
endured. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Many
feel that they have betrayed themselves or their friends and family. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">All
such symptoms are normal human responses to abnormal and inhuman treatment.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Physical
problems can be wide-ranging, e.g. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">sexually
transmitted diseases, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">musculo-skeletal
problems, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">brain injury, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">post-traumatic
epilepsy and dementia or</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>chronic pain syndromes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">For
these patients, to know another mind is unbearable. To connect with another is
irrelevant. They are entrapped in what was born(e) during their trauma</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PHYSICAL
FINDINGS</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Beating</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
<u>General</u>:- Scars, bruises, lacerations, multiple fractures at different
stages of healing, especially in unusual locations, which have not been medically
treated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
<u>On the soles of the feet</u>:- Haemorrhage in the soft tissues of the soles
of the feet or fractures of the bones of the feet and ankles. Aseptic necrosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
<u>With the palms on both ears simultaneously</u>:- Ruptured or scarred
tympanic membranes. Injuries to external ear.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4.
<u>On the abdomen, while lying on a table with the upper-half of the body
unsupported </u>(“Operating table”):- Bruises on the abdomen. Back injuries.
Ruptured abdominal viscera.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">5.
<u>To the head</u>:- Bruises. Scars, skull fractures. Cerebral cortical
atrophy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Suspension</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">6.
<u>By the wrist: </u>Bruises or scars about the wrists, joint injuries.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">7.
<u>By the arms or neck: </u>Bruises or scars at the site of binding. Prominent
lividity in the lower extremities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8.
<u>By the ankles: </u>Bruises or scars about the ankles, joint injuries.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">9.
<u>Head down, from a horizontal pole placed under the knees with the wrists
bound to the knees</u>: Marks on the wrists and ankles. Bruises or scars on the
anterior forearms and back of the “Jack”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Near
suffocation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">10.
Forced immersion of head, often in contaminated liquid (<u>wet submarine</u>):
Faecal material or other debris in the mouth, pharynx, trachea, oesophagus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">11.
Tying a plastic bag over the head (<u>dry submarine</u>):<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Intrathoracic petechiae.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sexual
abuse: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sexually transmitted diseases,
pregnancy, injuries</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Forced
posture</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">13.
<u>Prolonged standing: </u>Dependent oedema. Petechiae in lower extremities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">14.
<u>Forced straddling of a bar (Saw horse)</u>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Perineal or scrotal haematomas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Electric
shock</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">15.
<u>Cattle prod</u>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Appearance of burns
depends on the age of the injury. Immediately, spots, vesicles, and/or black
exudates, macular scars. At several months: small, white, reddish or brown
spots resembling telangiectasias.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">16.
Wires connected to a source of electricity: Electric burns</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">17.
Heated metal skewer inserted into the anus Peri-anal or rectal burns.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Miscellaneous</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">18. Dehydration: Vitreous humor electrolyte
abnormalities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">19.
Animal bites:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bite marks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">MLA</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Torture
is often difficult to prove, particularly when some time has passed between the
event and a medical examination, or when the torturers are immune from
prosecution. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Many
torturers around the world use methods designed to have a maximum psychological
impact while leaving only minimal physical traces.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Typically
deaths due to torture are shown in an autopsy as being due to "natural
causes" like heart attack, inflammation, or embolism.</span></div>
</div>
Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-63677986038194668572014-11-03T20:53:00.000-08:002014-11-03T20:58:24.329-08:00Aircraft Crashes & Disaster Planning<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Aircraft Crashes & Disaster Planning</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 10;"> </span>Dr.
Abhishek Karn</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Since 1949 - the year the first aircraft landed in
Nepal - there have been more than 70 different crashes involving planes and
helicopters, in which more than 700 people have been killed….. (<u>http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26222528</u>)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">The Nepali skies saw 65 air mishaps in the last two
decades…..</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Aircraft accident</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Defined as an occurrence that is associated with the
operation of an aircraft and takes place between the time any person boards the
aircraft with intention of flight and such time as all such persons have
disembarked and the engine/s or any propellers or rotors come to rest, being an
occurrence in which:</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Serious Injury </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">means any injury
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<a name='more'></a><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">PRE-ACCIDENT ORGANISATION</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Team of the Doctors (Forensic Experts), Aviation
agency investigators, Local law enforcements agents,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Funeral directors and Fire brigade and Civil
defence personnel ---to discuss & prepare plans for the handling of the
accident.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Should prepare a list of supplies and the place from which
these can be obtained at short notice-like </span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">body pouches</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">name tag plastic bags</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Flashlights</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Photographic equipments and </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Formats for recording of findings of the
investigation.</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">ROLE OF DOCTOR</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">:-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Photograph the body, with & without clothes &
take x-rays (when indicated)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Describe clothing and personal effective data</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Obtain Finger Print / ask police to do it</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Make dental record (Dental Surgeon/Odontologist)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Note Identifying features weight, color of eyes, skin
and hair, tattoos, scan, old bony deformity, absence of organs, surgery, or
diseases</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Describe and photograph , external injuries and burn
and record them on body diagram.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Make internal examination, record and photograph.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Look for Natural disease Condition and describe in
detail</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Retain tissues for histological studies and
toxicological analysis of hair samples for identification.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Collect Samples for DNA fingerprinting.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">One aspect that falls under the responsibility of law enforcement
and/or public safety and health officials after a mass disaster is the
individualized identification of human remains found at the scene, so they can
be returned to their families. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Characteristics or traits used to assist in the identification of the
human remains include, but are not limited to: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>skeletal features</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dental comparisons</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fingerprints</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>distinguishing marks
(tattoos and scars)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>medical devices and implants</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>personal effects</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DNA profiles.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Forensic Expert and Anthropologists can also assist by providing
information on general age, sex, size, color of hair and eyes, and race of the
victim. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Collectively, all these procedures’ findings must support one another
prior to a positive identification being determined.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Follow up Investigation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Reconstruct the mishaps</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Additional investigation to identify cause of death
and accident </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Study of Finger Prints, DNA, dental and medical
records to identify the body/part.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Relative interviewed--to obtain information about the
body features, clothes and other personal effects</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Toxicology--pilot and crew</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Help establish approximate time of death</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">High impact disasters, such as airplane crashes,
typically result in severe fragmentation and degradation of human remains.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">POINTS TO CONSIDER:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Preserve life and rescue the injured promptly</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Establish an inner and outer perimeter to limit access
to the accident site</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Act as if the accident site is a crime scene</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Protect and preserve ground scars and marks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Limit access to essential personnel only</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">How many people are on board? Injuries?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Sketches, descriptive notes, and photographs and/or
video should be made, if possible, of the original positions and condition of
the body/ body-parts of victims.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Coordinate with the team prior to removal of any
fatalities</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Document the surrounding area of the victim</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Include positions, (Seatbelt / restraint positions, Position
prior to removal: seat location, etc)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">The hidden dangers within an aircraft wreckage that
can seriously injure or kill first responders?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Biohazards</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Blood </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Bodily Fluids</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Human Remains</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Chemicals / Fluids</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Fuel / Oil</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Hydraulic Fluids</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Unknown Aircraft Cargo</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Battery Acid</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Pressurized Objects</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Oxygen Bottles</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Rocket-propelled parachute systems</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">FINALLY,</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Attempt to save lives of
those involved in the accident</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Be aware of hidden dangers
at the accident site</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Locate victims/body parts
and gather as much information as early as possible</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">DISASTER</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">WHO Definition: A situation, which implies unforeseen
serious and immediate threat to public health.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">“Catastrophe causing injury or illness simultaneously
to at least thirty people who will require hospital emergency treatment”-<i>(Colin
Grant).</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">“Disaster needs declaration when immediate patient
load in the emergency medical services system is greater than normal, operator
can care for” (<i>Jenkins An).</i> </span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">…</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">..modified according to
local criterias of a particular country/city.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">A disaster involves following Ingredients</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Unforeseen, Serious and Immediate Threat to Public
Health (Suddenness in terms of time)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">An Emergency, Calamity, Catastrophe, Misadventure,
Tragedy, Epidemic etc.;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Where number of casualties far exceeds medical
facilities in normal situation that disrupts the normal routine of life
(Magnitude in terms of severity of damage or deaths)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">DISASTER CLASSIFICATION</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Two distinct categories according to their causes.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">NATURAL DISASTER.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">MAN MADE DISASTER.</span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">NATURAL DISASTERS</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">NATURAL PHENOMENON BENEATH EARTH’S SURFACE:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Earthquakes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Volcanic eruptions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">NATURAL PHENOMENA AT EARTH’S SURFACE:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Land slides.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Avalanches.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Metrological Phenomenon.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Wind Storms (Cyclones, Typhoon, Hurricane).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Tornadoes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Hail Storms and Snow Storms.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Sea Surges, Flash Floods.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Floods.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Droughts.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA: Epidemics of Diseases.</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">MAN MADE DISASTERS:</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">CAUSED BY WARFARE:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Conventional Warfare.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Nuclear, Biological & Chemical Warfare.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">CAUSED BY ACCIDENTS:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Vehicular Accidents, (AirPlane, Train, Ship, Bus
etc.).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Drowning.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Collapse of Building.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Explosion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Fires.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Biological.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Chemical Including Poisoning.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Aim of disaster management: Prevention and
minimization of death, disability, sufferings and losses.</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">The principle steps involved are</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">“<b>Prevent</b>” the occurrence of the disaster
whenever possible.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">“<b>Minimize The Number Of Casualties</b>” if the
disaster cannot be prevented.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">“<b>Prevent Further Casualties</b>”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">“<b>Rescue The Victims</b>”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">“Provide <b>First Aid </b>To The Injured”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">“<b>Evacuate The Injured </b>To Medical Installation”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">“Provide The <b>Definite Medical Care</b>”.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Role of Medical Man at the Scene</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Mass disaster management is basically a team work
consisting of police, army, home guards, civil authorities and medical experts
(Forensic pathologist, forensic odontologists), finger print experts ballistic
expert etc. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Work in co-ordination.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">First & foremost job save life, give first aid.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Forensic pathologist is responsible for proper
investigation of such episodes comprising of:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Identification of the site of occurrence and prepare a
sketch diagram showing geographical location.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Reaching the spot along with team and necessary
equipment</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Immediate isolation, demarcation and protection of the
site.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Photography of the site from various angles.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Identification of bodies as far as possible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Identification from remains in disaster case is achieved by</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Appearance , Complexion, Photograph, Superimposition
photography , Restoration of facial features – When skull is available,
Deformities, Birth marks, Occupational marks, Scars, Tattoo marks, Race, Sex,
Stature, Age, Finger prints, Foot prints, Miscellaneous Data—(presence of
disease, biliary calculi, renal calculi, uterine fibroid, appendecectomy scar,
exceptional growth of hair, old fractures etc. ), Blood grouping, DNA </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Stature—</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">If a complete skeleton is available, stature =length
of the skeleton plus 2.5 cm for thickness of soft parts. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">If the body is mutilated, its stature is determined
by:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">approximately =length from tip of the middle finger to
the tip of the opposite middle finger when arms are fully extended.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">From 20th or 25th year onward, stature is twice the
length from the vertex or heel to the top of the symphysis pubis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">The height can be ascertained from one arm by
multiplying its length by 2 and adding 34 cm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">The length of forearm measured from tip of olecranon
process to the tip of middle finger =5/19 of stature.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">The length from the sternal notch to pubic symphysis
=1/3 of stature.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">The vertical distance from the top of the head to the
tip of chin =1/7 of stature.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Points to consider,</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Sorting of dead from injured. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Arranging transport facilities both for dead and alive
for treatment purposes to hospital or mortuaries.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Proper scientific numbering and tagging of the dead
bodies for future identification purpose by the relatives.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Autopsy examination of all the casualties is must to
confirm the cause of death.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Facility of ‘Cold Storage Cabinets’ or arrangement of
Ice Cubes (blocks) for keeping the dead bodies till waiting for relatives or
final disposition of dead bodies should be available.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">PREVENTION OF ‘SECONDARY DISASTER</span></u></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">’</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">(Secondary Disaster/Disaster After Disaster/Disaster
Over Disaster)--due to law & order problems during T/t or at any stage of
disaster management (like public outrage, conflicts between hospital staff and
attendants of patient’s or so called self made local leaders, creating strike
like situation)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">DELUSION OF PERSONAL INVULNERABILITY</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Most people believe that a disaster is something that
happens to someone else <b>not to themselves or their families </b>(Delusion Of
Personal Invulnerability). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">As a result they are likely to ignore or minimize
warning and refrain from taking preventive measures.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Need for change of strategy from ‘<b>post-disaster
reactive approach</b>’ to ‘<b>pre-disaster pro-active approach</b>’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">No master plan can be
evolved to fit every emergency situation but a general schedule of emergency
activity could prove extremely helpful in times of disaster, if executed in a
coordinated and disciplined fashion.</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Creating public awareness about
safety from disasters by organizing workshops, symposium, seminars etc.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-13839183169250877712014-07-27T09:12:00.000-07:002014-11-03T20:54:56.829-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><u><b>Should civil aircraft carry systems that would detect an incoming surface to air missile???</b></u></span></div>
<br />
Of all the tragedies in a war, the most unfortunate is the loss of
innocent lives. We see the human drama played out nightly in the
conflicts between Russian separatists in the Ukraine, and elements of
Hamas and the Israeli Defense Forces in the Gaza Strip, not to mention
plenty of other places throughout the world. A certain degree of
innocent suffering is expected for those who live in the area of the
conflict, but rarely does it reach into the skies to affect those who
have nothing to do with the war below.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
On the day MH17 was shot down, a reporter from the BBC asked if there
was anything the pilots of MH17 could have done or if they even knew
that they were being targeted by a surface to air missile. In short: no.
Unlike military aircraft, which are designed to be stealthy to the
extent possible, in the interest of safety, civil aircraft are designed
to be easily identified on radar. All commercial aircraft traveling
above 18,000-feet carry transponders, which sends altitude and
identifying information to radar facilities on the ground, making it
easier to spot for the air traffic controller – and unfortunately,
anyone with a radar-seeking missile.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEi3lOZ-BdI7yObvnzhO4M-X1FRYE65ptrvpKit90uuiqIsBRGt1PsrXWVG-gHwnSxaVQfWB-qUnOnSF5pz9Utq734yWv_9yWbLk3lDSO9XQFr28V39fg1ZG8oLfTs_5wfUnRa-5VY8TPSRcTt2rHy_v_fdxvp5jlPvlj_pTVE-TMsDgFAcckMH0ju4hHM7JQXQ=" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.maggiesnotebook.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Benghazi_MANPADS_1.jpg" height="225" id="irc_mi" style="margin-top: 70px;" width="400" /></a>Most civil aircraft don't carry systems that would detect an incoming surface to air missile, but some do. Should they all......????<br />
<br />
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<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><u><b>AUTOPSY INSTRUMENTS </b></u></span></dt>
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<dt><span class="term">Autopsy instruments might be placed in spotting or may be given to you during viva & asked to identify that particular instrument and comment about its use during autopsy. You'll have to identify these instruments & know these few things regarding them.<a name='more'></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<u><b><br /></b></u></span></dt>
<dt><span class="term"><u><b></b></u><br /></span></dt>
<dt><u><span class="term">Enterotome</span></u></dt>
<dd>These large scissors are used for opening the intestines. The
bulb-ended blade is inserted into the lumen (the hollow inside) of the
gut, and the instrument is smoothly stripped down the length of the
intestine. The blunt bulb keeps the internal blade from perforating the gut
from the inside.<br />
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</dd>
<dt><u><span class="term">Skull chisel</span></u></dt>
<dd>After scoring the calvarium (the vault-like part of the skull that
holds the brain) with the vibrating saw or hand saw, the chisel is used to
gently finish the separation of the top of the calvarium from the lower
skull, thus exposing the brain and its coverings (meninges).<br />
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</dd>
<dt><u><span class="term">Hagedorn needle</span></u></dt>
<dd>Also called the sailmaker's needle, this is a large needle with an
eye for suturing the body after the autopsy is finished. Heavy
twine, which is much coarser than suture, is used for the
procedure.<br />
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</dd>
<dt><u><span class="term">Rib cutters</span></u></dt>
<dd>These look like small pruning shears and are used to cut through the ribs prior to
lifting off the chest plate. <br />
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</dd>
<dt><u><span class="term">Hammer with hook</span></u></dt>
<dd>The hammer is
used with the chisel to separate the calvarium from the lower skull. The hook is handy
to pull the calvarium away.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQYgtb04-SJw8bTRjpRFCXhUUOzMgZLYgAuuvD6hMu803vBpzGT5D_DNSyjjpgqD5_OX0570PcYOEvMrdPJdoKThcfRIpllSEQoqCt0_Dqqyhgcl1I9q5mxxUvT2aCL6Rrry4vOqKpkhE/s1600/318553.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQYgtb04-SJw8bTRjpRFCXhUUOzMgZLYgAuuvD6hMu803vBpzGT5D_DNSyjjpgqD5_OX0570PcYOEvMrdPJdoKThcfRIpllSEQoqCt0_Dqqyhgcl1I9q5mxxUvT2aCL6Rrry4vOqKpkhE/s1600/318553.jpg" height="183" width="320" /></a></div>
</dd>
<dt><u><span class="term">Breadknife</span></u></dt>
<dd>Also referred to simply as the "long knife," this is used to smoothly cut solid organs
into slices for examination, display, and photography of the organs' cut surfaces, including stripping the gut from the mesentery and opening the heart chambers with this large,
unlikely-looking blade <br />
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</dd>
<dt><u><span class="term">Scalpel</span></u></dt>
<dd>This differs from the surgeon's scalpel in having a longer handle for reaching deeper
into body cavities. The disposable blade is usually a #22 size, which is the largest commonly
available.<br />
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</dd>
<dt><u><span class="term">Toothed forceps</span></u></dt>
<dd>The teeth on these "pickups" lend strength in gripping heavy organs for removal. In surgical
pathology, teeth are a liability in that they increase the risk of cross contamination
between specimens, so untoothed forceps are used there.</dd><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Vje9BcnTtOjVEHYobgn8bkpJu1KZEA3fgvVcOxB-sG_7KO1ML6M7aJ07DkpuyS4Hsi5K5pbSIKxwKV4zaFpWC6KlR3Ju_P2aPD1nn6u2EDnXPY4m73faQzsIIg2t_cjoKhAkWx5X9_0/s1600/tweesers_big.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Vje9BcnTtOjVEHYobgn8bkpJu1KZEA3fgvVcOxB-sG_7KO1ML6M7aJ07DkpuyS4Hsi5K5pbSIKxwKV4zaFpWC6KlR3Ju_P2aPD1nn6u2EDnXPY4m73faQzsIIg2t_cjoKhAkWx5X9_0/s1600/tweesers_big.jpg" height="320" width="78" /></a></div>
<dt><u><span class="term">Scissors</span></u></dt>
<dd>These are otherwise unremarkable scissors used for opening hollow organs (such as the
gallbladder) and trimming off tissues. They can also be used for blunt dissection by means
of an "opening" motion, rather than the more familiar "closing" motion used in cutting.</dd>
<dt><u><span class="term">Bone saw</span></u></dt>
<dd>This hand saw is rarely used today, most often by pathologists who
fear infection from aersols thrown up by the much more vigorous
vibrating saw. The hand saw can be used to saw through the
skull, but it's very slow-going compared to the vibrating saw.<br />
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</dd>
<dt><u><span class="term">Vibrating saw</span></u></dt>
<dd>The vibrating saw, also referred to eponymously as the "Stryker saw," is the instrument
of choice for opening the skull & removing the brain. The blade reciprocates rapidly
with a small amplitude. This action prevents the saw from cutting soft tissues, notably the
prosector's hand. The disadvantage of vibrating saws is that they throw up more potentially
infectious aerosols than do hand saws.<br />
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</dd></dl>
</div>
Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-26049440271309371572014-03-12T12:17:00.000-07:002014-10-29T02:50:11.341-07:00M.B.B.S 3rd year practical exams in Forensic Medicine (Foetus)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b>FOETUS </b></u></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If foetus is given, you'll have to comment on the age of the given fetus</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> and tell few points in support of your answer.</span></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><u><span style="font-size: small;">How to proceed for age determination of fetus?</span></u></span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">S p ec im en</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">↓</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A pp rox . Le ng th o f Fe tus</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">↓</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Apply Haase Rule (if less than 25cm square-root it, if greater than 25cm divide it by 5)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">↓</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A pp r ox . A g e</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rule of Hasse ..........is to calculate the age of the foetus on the basis of the length according to months of gestation, for
first five months of pregnancy, age is calculated by
the square root of the length in centimeters (for
example, if the foetus is 16 cm, the
age of the foetus would be 4 months)</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For the next five months
of pregancy, age is calculated by dividing the length
by 5 (for example, if the foetus is 35 cm, age of the foetus would be 35/5 = 7 months)<br /><br />Hence rule of Hasse is to calculate the age of the fetus when you already know its length. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u>Comment upon the following</u>:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•Length of the fetus to calculate the approximate age </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•Scalp Hair present or not and length </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•Eye lashes/Eyelids present or not. </span></span></div>
<div data-angle="0" data-canvas-width="5.728837683510733" data-font-name="g_font_13_0" style="left: 147.561px; text-align: left; top: 870.805px; transform-origin: 0% 0% 0px; transform: rotate(0deg) scale(1.43221, 1);">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•Nails present or not/soft or thick /reached tip of finger or not. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•Sex can be recognized or not. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•Signs of Viability absent/present</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span>Can comment on internal organs and on level of </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> meconeum whether it is in Duodenum/ Large intestine.</span><br />
<br />
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<u><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">You should also be able to answer the </span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><u>Medico-Legal Significances of</u>:</span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1. Still-born child</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. Criminal Abortion</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. Infanticide</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4. Fabricated Abortion</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">5. Marriage</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6. Divorce</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">7. Adoption.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">8. Inheritance</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-69569419719449983592014-03-12T11:44:00.000-07:002014-10-29T02:50:39.915-07:00M.B.B.S 3rd year practical exams in Forensic Medicine (Bones)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<u><b>BONES</b></u><br />
<br />
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You will be given few bones (human). You'll have to identify the </div>
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bone & also comment on the sex of the bone and any other relevant </div>
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thing regarding that bone. Mention about the side of the </div>
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bone also in case of upper & lower limbs, whether it is left/right. </div>
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Telling about ossification is a plus point. </div>
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The Questions that might be asked are:</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Comment on the sex of the bone and give reasons to justify your statement?</li>
<li>Identify the given bone and tell few points as how this bone can be used to estimate the age of the individual? </li>
</ul>
</div>
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<u>The bones generally given are</u>: <br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS_leSbUV1u7N4t9mLedOwOCJg4JqxluIdGIBheKaTtGuEjYk518mshFwPA45K2G1_VAVW8jvPnSD3LrOztzYq5TEjL9Ojvh2GkdMATtpH4-nu3PzhsQGZ4Gu6RePIaTe2FZ6zl5Qj1z8/s1600/58.+Sacrum.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS_leSbUV1u7N4t9mLedOwOCJg4JqxluIdGIBheKaTtGuEjYk518mshFwPA45K2G1_VAVW8jvPnSD3LrOztzYq5TEjL9Ojvh2GkdMATtpH4-nu3PzhsQGZ4Gu6RePIaTe2FZ6zl5Qj1z8/s1600/58.+Sacrum.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sacrum</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBFGeV_yKoCTPmWNZegra511hp3RBx_BDlo-zHBF_UJfcT8wxZUNkASBh8oVBwGO-2Wc4OizoKgQPfbz3k8B7echxwLpeWAmmAT-v-WhQIU8qCwuQTqONx7ANBSfgROHbM05DWys057rE/s1600/31.+Mandible.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBFGeV_yKoCTPmWNZegra511hp3RBx_BDlo-zHBF_UJfcT8wxZUNkASBh8oVBwGO-2Wc4OizoKgQPfbz3k8B7echxwLpeWAmmAT-v-WhQIU8qCwuQTqONx7ANBSfgROHbM05DWys057rE/s1600/31.+Mandible.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mandible</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrkpTIH3MXs2G3OkGCXvC-sGad1MawMQh8gP9s0KJqcPI9JHCEIaXN5ttoGCQNigaPsgyRN6UT7pxsQDRo9s0Th4yCNEIqy93XQYNdGe8P4iYpI4oFtDvnbBPWYzSPErsPDC6PUev6o9s/s1600/76.+Radius+and+Ulna.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrkpTIH3MXs2G3OkGCXvC-sGad1MawMQh8gP9s0KJqcPI9JHCEIaXN5ttoGCQNigaPsgyRN6UT7pxsQDRo9s0Th4yCNEIqy93XQYNdGe8P4iYpI4oFtDvnbBPWYzSPErsPDC6PUev6o9s/s1600/76.+Radius+and+Ulna.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Radius & Ulna</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUD6ihMdujTdm5Va_ddSNikkTLM-5LBlneooYfdiLhB6dKrODjdIqTqoO40IQ8Bk6DATMH2SIknXwzQ_es-IG7AGTM6QexBrsJ_aiWWA8InIv1AT3E1qEqv6eMxEnc2Ge7zvhgjYzcQrA/s1600/23.+Skull.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUD6ihMdujTdm5Va_ddSNikkTLM-5LBlneooYfdiLhB6dKrODjdIqTqoO40IQ8Bk6DATMH2SIknXwzQ_es-IG7AGTM6QexBrsJ_aiWWA8InIv1AT3E1qEqv6eMxEnc2Ge7zvhgjYzcQrA/s1600/23.+Skull.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Skulls</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Sacrum for sex determination</li>
<li>Skull Bone for sex determination</li>
<li>Mandible for sex and age determination</li>
<li>Femur [side determination, sex determination, medicolegal significance etc]</li>
<li>Tibia [side determination, sex determination, medicolegal significance etc]</li>
<li>Radius [side determination, sex determination, medicolegal significance etc]</li>
<li>Ulna [side determination, sex determination, medicolegal significance etc]</li>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2xJLRZgGLx5zFiMM7-mmbrq1oS78xSbthooc0_ROHWeWiP9QV1WOWJ8BjVXC-CCIzzAcl6p2G1LcVSph2HYdEMKKpdG4iYMAM1PRh_7LwDGzzl7j7wZlhsNvt_3xQNvJhpNvTm41sSEs/s1600/72.+Tibia+and+Fibula.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2xJLRZgGLx5zFiMM7-mmbrq1oS78xSbthooc0_ROHWeWiP9QV1WOWJ8BjVXC-CCIzzAcl6p2G1LcVSph2HYdEMKKpdG4iYMAM1PRh_7LwDGzzl7j7wZlhsNvt_3xQNvJhpNvTm41sSEs/s1600/72.+Tibia+and+Fibula.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tibia & Fibula</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<li>Fibula [side determination, sex determination, medicolegal significance etc] </li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-20007190707042632842014-03-12T11:21:00.001-07:002014-10-29T02:50:55.212-07:00M.B.B.S 3rd year practical exams in Forensic Medicine (X-rays)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b>X-RAY in viva/spotting</b></u></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">You
might be given an X-Ray. The questions that are generally asked
are: comment on the given X-ray or comment upon the age? You are
expected to answer keeping the following points in mind:: </span></span></div>
<div data-angle="0" data-canvas-width="211.36171117601276" data-font-name="g_font_8_0" style="left: 156.203px; text-align: justify; top: 186.301px; transform-origin: 0% 0% 0px; transform: rotate(0deg) scale(1.22885, 1);">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•Which part of Body X-Rayed? </span></span></div>
<div data-angle="0" data-canvas-width="341.094845842446" data-font-name="g_font_8_0" style="left: 156.203px; text-align: justify; top: 215.578px; transform-origin: 0% 0% 0px; transform: rotate(0deg) scale(1.23139, 1);">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•Comment upon the age of the person? </span></span></div>
<div data-angle="0" data-canvas-width="414.1979850189336" data-font-name="g_font_8_0" style="left: 156.203px; text-align: justify; top: 244.856px; transform-origin: 0% 0% 0px; transform: rotate(0deg) scale(1.23273, 1);">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•What are the medicolegal significance of that age? </span></span></div>
<div data-angle="0" data-canvas-width="53.61090078686165" data-font-name="g_font_8_0" style="left: 170.12px; text-align: justify; top: 301.971px; transform-origin: 0% 0% 0px; transform: rotate(0deg) scale(1.24677, 1);">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•Any other specific finding ( like overlaying of skull)? </span></span></div>
<div data-angle="0" data-canvas-width="110.40127789442343" data-font-name="g_font_8_0" style="left: 170.12px; text-align: justify; top: 359.246px; transform-origin: 0% 0% 0px; transform: rotate(0deg) scale(1.2132, 1);">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•Comment upon that particular finding with its medicolegal significance. </span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Types of X-Rays that can be asked: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•X-Ray
Wrist joint for age of the person. Hint number of carpal
bones equals the age in early age group. [Capitate=3M,Hamate=4M,
Triquetral=3Yr, Lunate= 4Yr, Scaphoid &t</span></span></div>
<div data-angle="0" data-canvas-width="93.91971251600428" data-font-name="g_font_8_0" style="left: 637.122px; text-align: justify; top: 472.837px; transform-origin: 0% 0% 0px; transform: rotate(0deg) scale(1.2041, 1);">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">raphezoid-5Yr, Trapezium=6Yr, Pisiform= 12Yr] </span></span></div>
<div data-angle="0" data-canvas-width="7.454258732710362" data-font-name="g_font_13_0" style="left: 147.562px; text-align: justify; top: 530.112px; transform-origin: 0% 0% 0px; transform: rotate(0deg) scale(1.24238, 1);">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPZg1OkNbqfFlNeFYQpF8h4iPbcyHew0tMqXqrfI8MTWfmut7oXBCSIYBRk4SSElde6DzchQFeYM04dqo6wKHe5po0jMvoJhEq-AM7r339URqHmLo8042__r7r_s34uKm_1GDlUZ6TCFI/s1600/17062011.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPZg1OkNbqfFlNeFYQpF8h4iPbcyHew0tMqXqrfI8MTWfmut7oXBCSIYBRk4SSElde6DzchQFeYM04dqo6wKHe5po0jMvoJhEq-AM7r339URqHmLo8042__r7r_s34uKm_1GDlUZ6TCFI/s1600/17062011.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">X-ray of wrist joint</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•X-Ray of Abdomen for twin pregnancy, hint two spinal cord and skull visible in abdomen </span></span></div>
<div data-angle="0" data-canvas-width="7.454258732710362" data-font-name="g_font_13_0" style="left: 147.561px; text-align: justify; top: 587.387px; transform-origin: 0% 0% 0px; transform: rotate(0deg) scale(1.24238, 1);">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•X-Ray
of Knee joint for comment on the age of person. Hint Lower end of femur
and upper of tibia and fibula fuses with shaft at 18-20 years.</span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTYjV1C2hyphenhyphenaEytL6XB02ViXmtKP_V0T-B35bS4Z2L_YBaIMi9DHodCYDa5J4jAZNJ-WNQ-x-4W5rEhuFakFKmKX-HK003rdWhMQylLEjsA6nnXgGcDcDR9A1xlLxJRBDf1Wr4Ctd3kGVw/s1600/17062011001.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTYjV1C2hyphenhyphenaEytL6XB02ViXmtKP_V0T-B35bS4Z2L_YBaIMi9DHodCYDa5J4jAZNJ-WNQ-x-4W5rEhuFakFKmKX-HK003rdWhMQylLEjsA6nnXgGcDcDR9A1xlLxJRBDf1Wr4Ctd3kGVw/s1600/17062011001.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">X-ray knee joint</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">•X-Ray of
Ankle joint for comment on the age of person. Hint Lower end of
tibia and fibula fuses with shaft at 16-18 years</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVx8b_d-5_hLGMjmCNjeTBwvGt845Q0wI04OEh84ANhT3SoiOfAhdzDr_SKivmg20CJ1b4xMXy0Z0CkceOD-osNIu6PUnZJVI3Hv7GOHQ2HI9vJvj4vSbZWGk1WX0L0A9IY2clNq8KkNE/s1600/17062011004.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVx8b_d-5_hLGMjmCNjeTBwvGt845Q0wI04OEh84ANhT3SoiOfAhdzDr_SKivmg20CJ1b4xMXy0Z0CkceOD-osNIu6PUnZJVI3Hv7GOHQ2HI9vJvj4vSbZWGk1WX0L0A9IY2clNq8KkNE/s1600/17062011004.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">•Apart from these, other X-Rays can also be asked. Most important thing is your approach.</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-87211578826954175152014-01-26T07:43:00.000-08:002014-10-29T03:23:27.592-07:00CT scans could support & strengthen forensic database to ID unidentified human remains<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 class="story" id="headline" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><u>CT scans could support & strengthen forensic database to ID unidentified human remains</u></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
A study from North Carolina State University finds that data from CT scans can be incorporated into a growing forensic database to help determine the ancestry and sex of unidentified remains. The finding may also have clinical applications for craniofacial surgeons.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
"As forensic anthropologists, we can map specific coordinates on a skull and use software that we developed -- called 3D-ID -- to compare those three-dimensional coordinates with a database of biological characteristics," says Dr. Ann Ross, a professor of anthropology at NC State and senior author of a paper describing the work. "That comparison can tell us the ancestry and sex of unidentified remains using only the skull -- which is particularly valuable when dealing with incomplete skeletal remains."</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
However, the size of the 3D-ID database has been limited by the researchers' access to contemporary skulls that have clearly recorded demographic histories.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
To develop a more robust database, Ross and her team launched a study to determine whether it was possible to get good skull coordinate data from living people by examining CT scans.<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The University of Pennsylvania Museum's Morton Collection provided the NC State researchers with CT scans of 48 skulls. Researchers mapped the coordinates of the actual skulls manually using a digitizer, or electronic stylus. Then they compared the data from the CT scans with the data from the manual mapping of the skulls.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The researchers found that eight bilateral coordinates on the skull -- those found on either side of the head -- were consistent for both the CT scans and manual mapping.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
"This will allow us to significantly expand the 3D-ID database," Ross says. "And these bilateral coordinates give important clues to ancestry, because they include cheekbones and other facial characteristics."</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
However, the five mid-line coordinates the researchers tested showed inconsistencies between the CT scans and manual mapping. Mid line coordinates are those found along the center of the skull, such as the bridge of the nose.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
"More research is needed to determine what causes these inconsistencies, and whether we'll be able to retrieve accurate mid-line data from CT scans," says Amanda Hale, a former master's student at NC State and lead author of the paper.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
This research may also help craniofacial surgeons. "An improved understanding of the flaws in how CT scans map skull features could help surgeons more accurately map landmarks for reconstructive surgery," Hale says.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
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Journal Reference: <br />
Amanda R. Hale, Kenda K. Honeycutt, Ann H. Ross. A Geometric Morphometric Validation Study of Computed Tomography–Extracted Craniofacial Landmarks. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 2014; 25 (1): 231 DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000000460">10.1097/SCS.0000000000000460</a><br />
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Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-91413123019992680952013-08-29T01:08:00.000-07:002014-10-29T02:51:51.830-07:00Forensic Expert Testification in a Case<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 id="meebo-title" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Forensic Expert Testification in a Case</span></h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <u><b>OVERVIEW:</b></u>-</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The fatal shooting of<b> Trayvon Martin</b> by <b>George Zimmerman</b> took place on the night of February 26, 2012, in Sanford, Florida, United States. Martin was a 17-year-old African American high school student. George Zimmerman, a 28-year-old.<sup> </sup>Following an earlier call from Zimmerman, police arrived within two
minutes of a gunshot during an altercation in which Zimmerman fatally
shot Martin, who did not have any weapons. Zimmerman was taken into
custody, treated for head injuries, then questioned for five hours. The
police chief said that Zimmerman was released because there was no
evidence to refute Zimmerman's claim of having acted in self-defense, the police were prohibited by law from making an arrest<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-warrant_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Trayvon_Martin#cite_note-warrant-8"></a></sup>. The police chief also said that Zimmerman had had a right to defend himself with lethal force<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Trayvon_Martin#cite_note-9"></a></sup>. As news of the case spread, thousands of protestors across the country called for Zimmerman's arrest and a full investigation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-protests032712_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Trayvon_Martin#cite_note-protests032712-10"></a></sup> </span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><img alt="" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-1289111" src="http://static01.mediaite.com/med/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/zimmermanphoto1.jpg" height="212" title="zimmermanphoto" width="320" /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><u><b>AUTOPSY</b></u>:- <br /> It was found that Martin was killed by an injury resulting from a single
gunshot to the chest, fired at "intermediate range", between 1 and 18
inches according to a forensic expert. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autopsy_16-1"></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autrep_126-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Trayvon_Martin#cite_note-autrep-126"></a></sup>An FDLE analysis of Martin's body and clothes described the distance as "a contact shot".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Trayvon_Martin#cite_note-127"></a></sup>
The autopsy also found that Martin had one small abrasion on his left
ring finger below the knuckle. No other injuries were found on Martin's
body at the time of his death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autopsy_16-2"></sup> Physicians who reviewed the official autopsy report,
stated in their opinion that Martin lived from 20 seconds to several
minutes after he was shot, and that Martin likely remained conscious
"for a little time, anyway".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-trayvon_heart_128-0"></sup> The autopsy report stated that Martin had trace levels of THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, in his blood and urine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Time_THC_Martin_129-0"></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CNN_THC_Martin_130-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Trayvon_Martin#cite_note-CNN_THC_Martin-130"></a></sup> The toxicology report found the levels to be 1.5 nanograms/ml of THC and 7.3 nanograms/ml of THC-COOH, a metabolite of THC that can stay in the system for weeks after cannabis has been smoked.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Time_THC_Martin_129-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Trayvon_Martin#cite_note-Time_THC_Martin-129"></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CNN_THC_Martin_130-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Trayvon_Martin#cite_note-CNN_THC_Martin-130"></a></sup> Larry Kobilinsky, a professor of forensic, stated that the THC amount was so low that it may have been ingested days earlier and played no role in Martin's behavior.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Six weeks after the shooting, amid widespread, intense, and in some cases misleading media coverage,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Trayvon_Martin#cite_note-11"> </a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Trayvon_Martin#cite_note-12"></a></sup>Zimmerman was charged with murder by a special prosecutor appointed by Governor Rick Scott.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jury_select_13-0"></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tough_Minded_14-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Trayvon_Martin#cite_note-Tough_Minded-14"></a></sup></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Zimmerman's trial began on June 10, 2013, in Sanford. On July 13, 2013, a jury acquitted him of second-degree murder and of manslaughter charges.</span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>TESTIFICATION BY A FORENSIC EXPERT</b>:- </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span>Defense witness and forensic pathologist <b>Dr. Vincent di Maio</b> testified that forensic evidence was consistent with <b>George Zimmerman’</b>s version of events that resulted in the shooting of Trayvon Martin.
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Di Maio spoke on a wide range of evidentiary questions, but the key moments came in his support of Zimmerman’s claim that <b>Trayvon Martin</b> had attacked him, and was straddling him at the moment Zimmerman fired.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">“Your work, essentially, your task, was to determine whether the
medical evidence was consistent with what Mr. Zimmerman said happened,”
the defense said. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">“The medical evidence—the gunshot wound, the tattooing—is consistent
with his opinion, with his statement as to that,” di Maio said, arguing
that the evidence suggested Martin was leaning over Zimmerman when the
defendant shot him:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>“The most important point is the nature of the defect in
the clothing and the powder tattooing. That is, if you lean over
somebody, you would notice that the clothing tends to fall away from the
chest. If, instead, you’re lying on your back and somebody shoots you,
the clothing is going to be against your chest. So the fact that we know
the clothing was two to four inches away is consistent with somebody
leaning over the person doing the shooting and that the clothing is two
to four inches away from the person firing.”</b></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Di Maio also testified on the variety of knicks and lacerations on
Zimmerman’s head, though he often complained that the quality of the
photographs in evidence made distinguishing the marks difficult. Most
important among these were “punctate abrasions,” which he explained were
“little reddish markings, and that indicate that there was impact with a
surface that was not really smooth.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">“Would concrete of the nature that was used in your everyday sidewalk
have that kind of surface?” the defense asked, hoping to prove that
Martin had banged Zimmerman’s head into the sidewalk as part of an
attack on the defendant.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">“Yes,” Di Maio said.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">“Is this injury consistent with Mr. Zimmerman’s head having impacted a sidewalk?”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">“Yes.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The testimony, taken if full, would seem to support the defense’s
case that Martin was attacking Zimmerman at the time of the gunshot that
killed him.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Source:- Media ITE, Wikipedia </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Watch the testimony, via CNN:</span><br />
<div class="magnify-player-header clearfix">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #073763;"><i><span style="color: blue;"><span class="magnify-player-title" id="magnify_player_title" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="magnify_player_title_link" title="Forensic Expert Testifies: ‘Medical Evidence Is Consistent’ With Zimmerman Being Attacked ">Forensic Expert Testifies: </a></span></span></i></span></span></div>
<div class="magnify-player-header clearfix">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #073763;"><i><span style="color: blue;"><span class="magnify-player-title" id="magnify_player_title" style="white-space: nowrap;">‘Medical Evidence Is Consistent’ With Zimmerman Being Attacked </span></span>
</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #073763;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #073763;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"></sup></span></i></span></span></div>
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Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-76195740906554136012013-08-27T08:08:00.000-07:002014-01-26T07:45:59.169-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h1>
'Medical tests should be more sensitive to rape victims'</h1>
<span class="byline"><span class="imghov top4"><span id="auim"></span></span>TNN</span><br />
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"></span><br />
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<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">MUMBAI: Going strictly by textbooks on <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/forensic-medicine">forensic medicine</a>, doctors should be suspicious of any well-built woman who claims to have been raped. According to the textbooks, "<span class="cm_word" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #0000FF !important; color: #0000FF !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">a well-built woman</span> cannot be raped", "most cases are false", and "a working <span class="cm_word" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #0000FF !important; color: #0000FF !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">class woman</span> cannot be raped as she can offer resistance".</span><br />
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">Experts say the existing protocols of medical examination of a sexual assault victim place undue emphasis on <span class="cm_word" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #0000FF !important; color: #0000FF !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">injury documentation</span>
that looks for signs of resistance on the victim's body, examination of
hymen, assessment of virginity and two-finger test to determine the
size and laxity of vaginal opening, rather than the health problems the
victim may suffer from.</span><br />
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">Padma Deosthali, coordinator of the <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Centre-for-Enquiry">Centre for Enquiry</a> into <span class="cm_word" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #0000FF !important; color: #0000FF !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Health</span> & <span class="cm_word" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #0000FF !important; color: #0000FF !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">Allied</span>
Themes (CEHAT), an organization which has been working with sexual
assault victims, said the medical examinations are part of the whole
process which have to be carried out to prove whether the crime was
committed. However, many parts of this exercise are not in <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Touch">touch</a> with the reality and circumstances of the victim.</span><br />
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">"The body swabs, for instance, would test positive only if there has
been forced peno-vaginal intercourse with ejaculation.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"> If the woman has
bathed, urinated, douched or if she has washed herself which is often
the immediate response to overcome the humiliation, no such evidence is
likely to be found. Often, there is also a delay in reporting the crime
and thus further delay in reaching a health facility," she said.</span><br />
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">There is also undue emphasis on injuries, which may not be present if
the victim has been threatened or sedated. Moreover, during a medical
examination, doctors observe the status of the hymen. "The two-finger
test ascertains the size and laxity of the vagina and the remarks are
made about whether or not the victim is habituated to sexual
intercourse. Despite court judgements stating that past sexual history
has no bearing on sexual assault, it continues to form an important part
of the doctor's conclusion," she said.</span><br />
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">Bangalore-based
forensic doctor and lawyer Jagdeesh Reddy, said since police requisition
takes time, medical examination of a sexual assault victim, which
should be done on a priority basis, gets entangled in protocols. "Not
just to save the evidence, but a medical examination should be done as
soon as possible to provide care to the victim," he said adding that
there are few hospitals earmarked for such examinations, and thus
accessibility becomes a problem.</span><br />
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">"While most doctors do not
give immediate opinions, government hospitals and labs take time to
examine the swabs. The accused gets bail long before the medical
evidence is collected and filed with the help of protocols," said Dr
Reddy.</span><br />
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">To overcome these problems, a PIL was filed in the <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Nagpur-High-Court">Nagpur High Court</a>
to make changes in the manual, which guides the medical examination of a
sexual assault. But the Maharashtra government has not yet submitted
the revised version to the court and the matter has been pending for two
years now.</span><br />
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><b>Practices that need to change</b></span><br />
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">* Over emphasis on injuries</span><br />
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">* Comment on types of hymen and whether present or absent</span><br />
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">* Comments on nutritional status/ built of the <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Survivor">survivor</a> to determine whether or not she could have offered resistance.</span><br />
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">* Definition of sexual assault continues to be convoluted and unscientific.</span><br />
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /></span>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">* Past sexual, contraceptive practices are documented , which are not relevant.</span></div>
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<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">Source:- The Times of India </span></div>
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Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-73349420365306944262013-08-27T07:19:00.002-07:002013-08-29T07:49:55.629-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h1>
DNA tests cannot distinguish identical twins on rape charge</h1>
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<img alt="The brothers were arrested after DNA evidence taken from the scene linked the alleged crime with one or both of them.
Picture shows Aftab Asghar (left) and Mohammed Asghar (right)." src="http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02648/twins_2648494b.jpg" height="199" width="320" />
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<span class="caption">Aftab Asghar (left) and Mohammed Asghar
(right) were arrested after DNA evidence taken from the scene linked
the alleged crime with one or both of them.</span> <span class="credit">Photo: INS <span class="adtext" id="adtext_1">NEWS AGENCY</span></span></div>
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By <span rel="author">Rosa Silverman and agencies (<u><b>The Telegraph</b></u>) </span><br />
12:48PM BST 20 Aug 2013</div>
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Prosecutors charged both Mohammed and Aftab Asghar but said it may be "that
only one of the <span class="adtext" id="adtext_6">defendants</span> faces trial."
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<div class="secondPar">
The pair, aged 22, were expected to enter pleas when they appeared alongside
each other in the dock at Reading Crown Court, Berks.
</div>
<div class="thirdPar">
But police and the Crown Prosecution Service are still trying to determine
whether they should continue to pursue the case against both men, and
prosecutor Sandra Beck requested more time for the Crown to pursue
particular lines of inquiry.
<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="fourthPar">
She said: "It is an unusual case. They are <span class="adtext" id="adtext_2">identical twins</span>. The
allegation is one of rape.
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"There is further work due...It may mean that only one of the defendants
faces trial."
</div>
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No details were divulged about the circumstances of the alleged offence, which
is said to have occurred on November 5, 2011.
<br />
Ms Beck confirmed a trial date had already been set for December 2.
<br />
The twins, from Reading in Berks, have been granted conditional bail.
<br />
Identical twins share matching DNA but have different fingerprints, according
to the <span class="adtext" id="adtext_4">Forensic Science</span> Service.
<br />
The Asghar case is not the first time this has posed a problem for
investigators.
<br />
In February, <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/9861164/Double-trouble-for-Marseille-police-hunting-serial-rapist-as-DNA-turns-up-identical-twins.htm">two
identical 24-year-old twin brothers were held in Marseille</a>, France, by
police hunting a rapist as their genetic codes were so similar that normal
<span class="adtext" id="adtext_3">DNA tests</span> could not tell them apart.
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Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-68571533823626277892013-08-26T23:06:00.000-07:002013-08-29T07:50:14.647-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h1 class="title">
Body of evidence: A radical approach to forensic pathology (Virtopsy)</h1>
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Virtual cadavers, needle-wielding robots – and not a scalpel in sight.
Laura Spinney meets the research team behind the 'virtopsy', a radical
approach to forensic pathology
</h3>
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<a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/body-of-evidence-a-radical-new-approach-to-forensic-pathology-1987389.html?action=gallery">
<img alt="VIRTOPSY.COM" src="http://www.independent.co.uk/migration_catalog/article5223618.ece/ALTERNATES/w460/16newscimain.jpeg" title="Piecing together a shattered skull could take days. But with virtopsy it can be done with just a flick of a switch" />
</a> </div>
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<br />
<span class="storyTop ">Backing his four-by-four into his garage one night in 2006, after
returning from a drunken party in the Swiss canton of Bern, a man
crushed his wife against the garage's rear wall.<br />
</span>
<br />
<div class="body ">
He called an ambulance, but she died before it reached the hospital.
The man claimed it was a tragic accident – he had reversed once and
hadn't seen what he was doing – and to the police it looked like a case
of involuntary manslaughter. But just to be sure, they asked Michael
Thali, director of the University of Bern's Institute of Forensic
Medicine, for a second opinion.<br />
Prof Thali and his team carried out an autopsy on the woman, but not
the kind we're used to seeing in television shows such as CSI and
countless police dramas. This was a scalpel-free, virtual autopsy, or
"virtopsy" – a radical new approach to forensic investigation, in which
Professor Thali is one of the pioneers.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Using computerised tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), the Bern team created a high resolution, 3D virtual double of the
woman's crushed corpse. They also scanned the surface of the car so
that they could create a virtual model of it, dents and all. Combining
these with evidence found at the scene, including skid marks on the
garage floor, flakes of paint knocked off the wall and fragments from
the car's smashed rear lights, they painstakingly reconstructed the
events of that night.<br />
When their virtual reconstruction was complete, they were able to
tell the police that the man must have reversed twice, because a single
backing up could not account for all the damage they had seen. The first
time, they concluded, the woman was standing in a doorway and sustained
injuries to her arms and legs, before slumping onto a stool. The second
impact damaged her internal organs, and it was those injuries that
killed her. The man was charged with wilful homicide. "Ironically, he
died before the trial could take place, of natural causes," says
Professor Thali. "We performed the autopsy here."<br />
The seeds of the virtopsy concept were sown in the mid-1990s, in a
conversation on an airplane between Thali's predecessor, Richard
Dirnhofer, and a senior police scientist. They were discussing a
high-profile Swiss case which turned on whether a ratchet wrench had
caused injuries to the skull of a murder victim. It occurred to them
that being able to image those injuries in three dimensions would have
been extremely helpful in matching the wound to the weapon that caused
them.<br />
What started modestly as a plan to visualise head trauma quickly
evolved into a project whose goal was full-body, non-invasive, post
mortem dissection. Other forensic pathology laboratories around the
world have introduced imaging techniques into their autopsy procedures,
but the Bern operation – which performed its 100th virtopsy last year –
is by far the most advanced.<br />
Thali and his colleagues' rationale in launching the project was that
a scalpel-free autopsy would not only ease the distress of the
relatives of the deceased, it would also reduce human error on the part
of pathologists and allow them to create a permanent, 3D record of the
intact cadaver – something not possible with traditional autopsy, which
inevitably destroys tissue and can only be recorded, photographically,
in two dimensions. So how does it work? In its first incarnation, the
virtopsy procedure involved taking a 3D surface scan of the body using
stereoscopic cameras and a projector that cast a stripe pattern onto the
body. The team would then slide the table bearing the body into a CT
scanner, which would assemble X-ray slices of it into 3D images of the
internal organs. Markers placed strategically on the skin during the
surface scan allowed surface and interior to be matched.<br />
Later, more high-tech tools were added. While CT is good for
revealing bone, it isn't so good for seeing soft tissue, so now they use
MRI to image the latter. Taking automation to the next level, they
added a robot, the "Virtobot", that can be fitted with a needle and
manoeuvred into position by a remote computer, to take a tissue sample
should the pathologist need more information. Normally, because a
pathologist is guided by CT scans when positioning the biopsy needle, he
or she is exposed to X-rays, and even potentially to viruses or toxins
contaminating the cadaver. But Virtobot is immune to those. The team can
also perform CT angiography, injecting a contrast agent into the
corpse's blood vessels and then imaging them to reveal leaks or lesions
that might have contributed to death.<br />
At the moment, a virtopsy takes slightly longer than an autopsy,
which in straightforward cases can be completed in 90 minutes. But that
extra time is compensated for by the quality of the information that a
virtopsy provides, and which it can do so non-invasively, says Thali.
"Using all this technology together, we see 80 to 90 per cent of
forensically relevant findings," he says, adding that a traditional
autopsy doesn't reveal 100 per cent of those findings either. Toxicology
tests, for example, have to be done separately.<br />
It hasn't all been plain sailing. Professors Thali and Dirnhofer –
who coined the term virtopsy – initially encountered a lot of scepticism
from the medical community. They are still the only forensic pathology
team in the world to have embraced imaging so wholeheartedly. But
gradually, says Thali, they are bringing people round. Pathologist
Stephan Bolliger was a sceptic, until Professor Dirnhofer showed him
what the system could do, and soon after that he joined the virtopsy
team. He changed his mind, he says, when he realised that things were
possible with a virtopsy that were impossible or very difficult with a
traditional autopsy.<br />
For example, he says, "Imagine trying to piece together a couple of
dozen fragments of a shattered skull" – something that a pathologist
might do to determine the direction and force of a fatal blow to the
head – "it could take you days. Now we can do it with the flick of a
switch, and we can even show the assembly in 3D to a court." Virtual
images are also less distressing to court members than the gruesome
photos that pathologists are used to showing.<br />
Another thorn in the side of forensic pathologists is air embolisms.
Traumatic injury to the head or neck, for example, can cause an air
bubble to enter an artery, travel to the brain and create a blockage
there, potentially leading to death. But the air that inevitably enters a
corpse with the pathologist's blade can mimic an embolism, making a
real one hard to spot. When seen on a scan inside an intact brain,
however, an embolism is harder to miss.<br />
Professor Thali's idea is that virtopsies should be used as a filter,
with an autopsy only being performed if the virtopsy suggests the cause
of death might not have been natural. To date, in Bern, both have been
performed as standard in most cases. Occasionally, however, a virtopsy
has sufficed. When six young soldiers fell to their deaths while
climbing the Jungfrau in 2007, the military district attorney decided
that an auto-psy was unnecessary – the cause of death being clear – and
asked only for a virtual description of the victims' injuries, so that
climbing safety equipment could be improved, and their families
informed, hopefully, that they had not suffered.<br />
Virtopsies have already found some more unexpected applications too.
In a collaboration with the University of Bern's Institute of Animal
Pathology, Thali's team has scanned some of the exotic, expired
residents of Swiss zoos, including an aged sun bear that suffered from
high blood pressure and died of a stroke, and a young giraffe that
strangled itself after getting entangled in a suspended rope basket
containing food.<br />
When it is important to preserve the corpse's outward appearance,
says radiologist Thomas Ruder of the virtopsy team, the virtual approach
is ideal. They have even been asked to virtually "undress" Egyptian and
South American mummies, obtaining images of the skeletons without
disturbing their funeral robes.<br />
The virtopsy team has high hopes that their techniques will find more
mainstream applications. Computer scientist Lars Ebert believes
Virtobot may come into its own in the aftermath of major disasters such
as the 2004 tsunami when thousands of bodies have to be processed
quickly. An on-site Virtobot, plus CT and surface scanners, could
potentially be operated by a single technician. who could send the scans
via the internet to radiologists overseas.<br />
Radiologist Angela Levy, of Georgetown University Hospital,
Washington DC, was involved in research into post-mortem CT scanning for
the US military until last year. She agrees that non-invasive scanning
has advantages over autopsy, but says there are disadvantages which may
restrict its widespread adoption.<br />
"One of the drawbacks for most medical examiner systems is the cost
and availability of imaging," she says. The two complement each other
very well, she adds, but the use of imaging may realistically be limited
to complex or important cases – at least for the time being. The field
of imaging is advancing rapidly, though, so watch this space. If and
when the cost falls and the machines become more available, virtopsies
could be coming to a Forensic department near you.</div>
</div>
Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-80262046660626515862013-08-26T08:45:00.000-07:002013-08-29T07:52:15.360-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="instapaper_title">
What forensics can say about Syria chemical attack<img src="http://www.forensicmag.com/sites/forensicmag.com/files/styles/large/public/what_2.jpg" style="float: right;" /></h1>
<div class="infuse">
The calls are getting louder. Even Russia, Syria's
main ally, is now urging the Syrian government to allow weapons
inspectors to investigate the site of Wednesday's alleged chemical
attack on the suburbs of Damascus, held by rebels opposing President
Bashar al-Assad's regime. This brings Russia in line with the US and the
36 other countries that yesterday called for a swift investigation into
the <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24088-race-against-time-to-investigate-syria-chemical-attack.html">apparent deaths of over 1000 men, women and children</a>.<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="infuse">
Even if the inspectors – who are already
in the country looking into three other unverified attacks – are given
permission to investigate the site, there is no guarantee that they will
be able to establish conclusively what has happened. But the tension is
cranking up. US president, <span class="adtext" id="adtext_3">Barack Obama</span>, who a year ago described the use of chemical weapons as a "red line", <a href="http://www.thejournal.ie/barack-obama-syria-attack-1050965-Aug2013/">today said that if the claims were verified, the situation "would require America's attention"</a>.</div>
<div class="infuse">
Right now, the evidence that a chemical attack has taken place is based on <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23806491">video footage of the people affected</a>, eye-witness accounts and <a href="http://www.itv.com/news/2013-08-22/first-independent-images-of-syria-alleged-chemical-attack-emerge/">images of what appears to be the remnants of a delivery rocket</a>. All point to a <span class="adtext" id="adtext_2">chemical weapon</span>
attack, but there is the possibility, albeit an unlikely one given the
scarcity of reports, that the rocket contained no chemical payload but
struck a chemical factory or warehouse.</div>
<h3 class="crosshead">
Sarin suspected</h3>
<div class="infuse">
However most experts agree that the videos of
the people affected indicate something more sinister. "They provide
individual visual evidence of people who are clearly affected by
something," says Howard Hu of the <span class="adtext" id="adtext_1">University of Toronto</span>, Canada, a medical advisor for the non-profit group <a href="http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/about/experts/howard-hu.html">Physicians for Human Rights</a>.</div>
<div class="infuse">
Hu says the victims' rigid muscles and
spasmodic movements suggest a neurological organophosphate toxin, such
as sarin, but only good close-up images would allow for a more
definitive assessment of the symptoms of sarin poisoning, which include
drooling and constricted pupils.</div>
<div class="infuse">
<a href="http://medhealth.leeds.ac.uk/profile/522/905/alastair_w_m__hay">Alastair Hay</a>
at the University of Leeds, UK, who has investigated a number of real
and alleged chemical attacks, agrees. "Many of the victims have
individual signs suggestive of exposure to an organophosphate agent. <span class="adtext" id="adtext_5">Pinpoint</span>
pupils are certainly one of the signs but [pupils] should not be used
to rule out exposure: when people are afraid their pupils dilate and
this may be the initial appearance".</div>
<div class="infuse">
The victims in the footage also show clear signs of asphyxiation, says <a href="http://www.iss.europa.eu/about-us/senior-analysts/jean-pascal-zanders/">Jean-Pascal Zanders</a>,
formerly of the European Institute of Security Studies in Paris. "With
asphyxiation, you see colouring of the skin – a blue-pinkish hue, and a
waxen look," he says. This is a sign the nervous system is affected and
the major organs – for example, the heart and the lungs – are having
trouble communicating with each other.</div>
<h3 class="crosshead">
Victims hold clues</h3>
<div class="infuse">
According to the <a href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R42848.pdf">US Congressional Research Service</a>,
the Syrian government is believed to have stockpiles of the nerve
agents VX and sarin, as well as the blister agent, mustard gas.</div>
<div class="infuse">
If they can get to the scene, UN
inspectors could gather more decisive evidence, but the Syrian
government has so far been reluctant to grant full access to the site.
The amount of time that any evidence will remain there for will depend
on what the agent is. In a temperate climate, sarin evaporates at a
similar rate to water, says Zanders, but the processes by which it
breaks down, and the metabolites it produces in the body, are well
known. This means it should be possible to detect even if the inspectors
don't get in immediately. "Some things can be traced many months after
the incident," Zanders says.</div>
<div class="infuse">
If the inspectors do gain access, the
first order of business will be to collect physiological samples from
the living victims and the bodies of dead ones. These could include
tissue, blood, urine, hair and skin samples. If they were able, full
post-mortems of the victims would be useful. The inspectors could also
collect environmental samples, like leaves, soil or wallpaper and the
corpses of any affected animals.</div>
<h3 class="crosshead">
Covert agents</h3>
<div class="infuse">
In the past, weapons inspectors have used
portable equipment to run gas chromatography and mass spectrometry on
the samples, which can separate the samples into their physical
components and analyse them.</div>
<div class="infuse">
If this team doesn't have that equipment
in the field, they would have to freeze the biological samples and ship
them to a lab certified by the Organisation for the Prohibition of
Chemical Weapons.</div>
<div class="infuse">
There's always the chance that samples
will be smuggled out of Syria for analysis before the inspectors gain
access. President Obama has instructed the US intelligence community to
gather information about the recent attack. This may involve using
covert agents to gather samples and smuggle them out of the country, as
they have done in past conflicts.</div>
<div class="infuse">
Of course – the most conclusive evidence
would be an analysis of the remains of the munition used to deliver the
weapon. This could prove that it was a malicious attack, and what
chemical was deployed.</div>
<h3 class="crosshead">
Fact collectors</h3>
<div class="infuse">
But even this wouldn't necessarily shed any
light on who was behind the attack, and this is not part of the
inspectors' mandate. "The UN secretary general has been careful to say
that it's not their job to attribute, it's their job to investigate, to
collect facts," says <a href="http://cns.miis.edu/staff/smithson_amy.htm">Amy Smithson</a> of the Center for Nonproliferation Studies in Washington DC.</div>
<div class="infuse">
Pictures of the rocket used in the latest
attack show the sort of homemade weapon associated with previous
small-scale attacks in the country that some link to rebel groups. After
a chemical attack on 19 March 2012 in Khan al-Assal in Aleppo, a
Russian team were allowed to carry out tests. The Russian ambassador to
the UN told a press conference that both the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/10/world/middleeast/russia-says-study-suggests-syria-rebels-used-sarin.html?_r=1&">rocket
used in that 2012 attack, and the sarin it contained, were likely "a
cottage-industry product, manufactured at a simple facility"</a>, and therefore most likely to have been fired by a government opposition group.</div>
<div class="infuse">
However, in June this year, the US government said it was <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23704-syria-has-crossed-chemical-red-line-says-obama.html">confident that it was Assad's forces that had carried out the Khan al-Assal attack</a>, as well as several others over the previous year.</div>
<div class="infuse">
Today the UK foreign minister <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-23812398">William Hague took a similar line on the most recent attack</a>.
"I know that some people in the world would like to say that this is
some kind of conspiracy brought about by the opposition in Syria," he
said in an interview. "I think the chances of that are vanishingly small
and so we do believe that this is a chemical attack by the Assad
regime."</div>
<div class="infuse">
So even if scientific inspection is possible, different sides will probably draw very different conclusions.</div>
<div class="infuse">
<br /></div>
<div class="infuse">
By
<a href="http://www.newscientist.com/search?rbauthors=David+Hambling%2C+Lisa+Grossman%2C+Michael+Bond"><b>David Hambling, Lisa Grossman, Michael Bond</b></a></div>
</div>
Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-7307466728908403912013-08-26T08:41:00.000-07:002013-08-29T07:52:29.967-07:00Fingerprint Brushes Can Contaminate DNA Evidence <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="panel-pane pane-node-title headline block no-title block" id="headline-h1">
<div class="pane-content">
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="panel-pane pane-node-body clear article left no-title block">
<div class="pane-content">
<div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-_custom_display">
<div class="field-items">
<div class="field-item even">
<span style="line-height: 1.538em;"><span class="styles file-styles large media-element file-default" data-file_info="%7B%22fid%22:%224826%22,%22view_mode%22:%22default%22,%22type%22:%22media%22%7D"> <img alt="Fingerprint brushes can become easily contaminated. Brushes can retain the DNA picked up. To make sure you don’t transfer DNA from a brush used at one scene to the next, use a new one at each scene. The brush used in a homicide case should become part of the evidence." src="http://www.forensicmag.com/sites/forensicmag.com/files/styles/large/public/brush081613.jpg" style="float: right;" /></span>An
investigator can do simple things to ensure the integrity of DNA
evidence. DNA can be transferred from one crime scene to another through
tools. For example, fingerprint brushes can become easily contaminated.
Brushes can retain the DNA picked up. To make sure you don’t transfer
DNA from a brush used at one scene to the next, use a new one at each
scene. This is most important on homicide cases where the DNA may be the
determining factor. In fact, on homicides, the brush used should become
part of your overall evidence. Remember that not only the brush used,
but the powder itself can become contaminated. </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="line-height: 1.538em;">While magnetic
applicators can be cleaned with 10% bleach (or you can use disposable
ones) fiberglass brushes cannot be easily cleaned and reused. The $6 or
$9 you spend on a new brush is a small price to pay for alleviating
questions about your evidence.</span><br />
Keeping contamination of evidence to a minimum is especially critical
while investigating a homicide. Homicide crime scenes are ripe for
potential DNA evidence. Collect numerous samples. Collect as much
evidence as possible. Remember that with today’s technology, even if DNA
can’t be lifted from a sample in the present, new methods may be
available in the future.<br />
<br />
From: <a href="http://www.forensicmag.com/article/crime-scene-contamination">Crime Scene Contamination</a> by Dick Warrington</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-33717692591245061442013-08-26T08:39:00.000-07:002013-08-26T08:39:13.505-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="entry-title">
India’s Doubting Fathers and Sons Embrace DNA Paternity Tests</h1>
<address class="byline author vcard">
By <a class="url fn" href="http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/author/anjali-thomas/" title="See all posts by ANJALI THOMAS">ANJALI THOMAS</a></address>
<div class="entry-content">
<div class="w480">
<img alt="Senior Congress leader N.D. Tiwari, wearing a white cap, with his biological son Rohit Shekhar, fourth from right, on the former's birthday." height="320" id="100000002391847" src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2013/08/16/world/asia/16-paternity-test-IndiaInk/16-paternity-test-IndiaInk-blog480.jpg" width="480" /><span class="credit"> </span></div>
<div class="w480">
<span class="credit">Courtesy of Rohit Shekhar and rediff.com</span> <span class="caption">Senior
Congress leader N.D. Tiwari, wearing a white cap, with his biological
son Rohit Shekhar, fourth from right, on the former’s birthday.</span></div>
<div class="w480">
<span class="caption"> </span></div>
In 2007, a 28-year-old man was propelled from obscurity to prominence
when he turned to the Delhi High Court to seek a public acknowledgement
of paternity from a senior Congress Party leader, N.D. Tiwari. Rohit
Shekhar, who said that he was the result of an affair between his mother
and Mr. Tiwari, spent five years trying to force the politician to take
a DNA test, taking his case all the way to the Supreme Court, which
ruled in Mr. Shekhar’s favor last year.<br />
The high-profile nature of the case contributed to the public’s
growing awareness of the role of DNA in establishing biological ties,
and these days, paternity tests are much more commonplace, with private
labs offering home testing kits for 10,000 rupees ($160) or less, with
no need for a judge’s permission. A person can swab the inside of a
child’s mouth at home, send the samples from the adult and child back to
the lab and receive the results within two weeks.<br />
<span id="more-68307"></span><br />
Ritu, the director of DNA Center India in Hyderabad, said her company
has seen a clear increase in interest in its DNA paternity tests in
recent years. “Initially, we could get around 10 calls a month, but over
the last two years or so this has increased to around 40,” said the
director, who goes by one name. Not every call leads to an order, she
said, but “those who do avail of our services tend to opt for the ‘peace
of mind’ home testing kit.”<br />
People have a variety of reasons for ordering paternity tests, but
some DNA testing centers say that many clients are doubting fathers or
men who are seeking to end a marriage, and it’s this group that worries
some advocates of women’s rights. Veena Gowda, a lawyer in Mumbai who
has been practicing for over 15 years, contends that these men are using
the tests to deprive women of their right to alimony or child support
by accusing the women of adultery, which is illegal in India.<br />
“It’s almost as if science is always twisted to suit patriarchal
norms,” Ms. Gowda said. “Putting a child through paternity tests without
court orders only reinforces the thought that marriage is nothing more
than controlling a woman and her womb.”<br />
In the United States, the demand for paternity tests is fueled in
part by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996,
which gave child-support agencies the authority to order DNA tests
without prior judicial consent. State-based child support enforcement
agencies remain some of the biggest clients for DNA paternity tests.
However, the technology revealed its double edge when men began using it
not just to establish paternity but to distance themselves from the
burden of child support once they could prove the absence of biological
ties.<br />
Indian courts have been circumspect in ordering paternity tests,
especially in the death throes of a marriage. Currently, the law places
less weight on DNA ties and instead establishes the marital presumption
of paternity, which sees the husband as the father of any children
conceived during the marriage. Children born during a legal union or
within 280 days after a marriage has dissolved are considered the
legitimate offspring of the husband, unless the husband can prove that
he had no access to his wife during the time the child would have been
conceived.<br />
Even when DNA evidence proves a biological tie between a father and
child, the courts will still continue to favor longstanding familial
relationships over genetics. In the Tiwari case, for example, the DNA
test showed that the Congress leader was indeed Mr. Shekhar’s biological
father, but the law still considers B.P. Sharma, who was married to Mr.
Shektar’s mother when Mr. Shektar was born, as the legitimate father.
(Mr. Shektar’s legal battle continues as Mr. Tiwari has refused to
accept the results of the DNA test and declined to participate in the
court mediation process.)<br />
<div class="w190 right">
<span class="credit"> </span>Women are generally entitled to spousal support after a divorce, but a
paternity test that shows no biological connection to a child can be
used by a man to get an exemption from paying alimony and child support.
However, lawyers say that courts have on occasion ordered a
nonbiological father to offer some financial support to prevent the
child from living in poverty and to minimize psychological damage.</div>
The courts have been reluctant to order paternity tests even when the
petitioner is the mother. A few years ago, a woman from Orissa
approached the Orissa State Women’s Commission asking that a paternity
test be conducted after her estranged husband claimed he was not the
father of her child. The commission granted permission, and the decision
was upheld by the Orissa High Court. The husband challenged the
decision in the Supreme Court, arguing that the test was an invasion of
his privacy and that the divorce had not been finalized.<br />
In 2010, the Supreme Court ruled that a paternity test to determine
the identity of a child especially during matrimonial disputes should
not be done in a routine manner because it infringes on the right to
privacy and may have a devastating effect on the child. “Sometimes the
result of such scientific test may bastardize an innocent child even
though his mother and her spouse were living together during the time of
conception,” the judges said in their ruling.<br />
Currently, DNA home testing kits are not considered admissible in
court because there is no verifiable chain of custody. A court-ordered
paternity test has to be conducted in a government-certified forensic
center with a chain of custody to ensure that the evidence has not been
tampered with.<br />
Private labs do offer more expensive DNA tests that follow a
documented chain of custody, which can be presented as evidence in
court. Ms. Gouda, who has challenged the legality of such tests in court
cases, finds them unethical.<br />
“The authority is with the courts to determine whether a paternity
test should be ordered. The principal of the law is to protect the
child,” she said.<br />
Women’s rights activists are concerned that as cohabitation without
marriage and divorce become more common as Indian society changes, the
demand for paternity testing will rise, which they say would ultimately
harm the children involved if the courts indiscriminately order DNA
tests.<br />
Kanti Sathe, who has been practicing family law in Mumbai for 25
years, predicted that this decade will see more people seeking paternity
tests. She said she doesn’t oppose paternity testing in all cases – in
fact, such tests could help a child with unmarried parents receive
financial support from the father. “Children are entitled to financial
support and inheritance from their biological father. What we can count
on, and what is always required is judicial discretion.<br />
“What’s being played out in courts is the conflict between
encroaching on an individual’s right to privacy and the rights of a
child,” said Ms. Sathe.<br />
She recalled one of her recent cases, in which the couple was seeking
a divorce, and the husband, unwilling to pay child support, claimed
that he was not the father of their child. The matter was resolved
outside the court<b> </b>when he backtracked from taking a paternity
test. “He accepted that the child was his, and a settlement was reached.
Imagine the damage it would have inflicted on the child if our courts
insisted on paternity tests for every case,” said Ms. Sathe.<br />
DNA home tests also come with legal pitfalls for the labs themselves.
Ravi Kiran Reddy, director of DNA Labs India in Hyderabad, is being
sued by the wife of a client who had recently approached the lab for a
home paternity test. The test found that there was a 99.9 percent chance
that the client was not the father of the child, as he was led to
believe. However, the mother is now challenging the result in court and
blaming the biotechnology company for tarnishing her reputation, said
Mr. Reddy.<br />
“It’s not worth the trouble, really,” he said. “The DNA sequencing
machines we use cost crores [tens of millions] of rupees, and
genetically testing for parenthood does not even cover the cost of
running the laboratory or maintaining the equipment.” The bulk of the
forensic center’s work comes from clients asking for their DNA to be
sequenced for health reasons and those who need to establish familial
ties either for immigration or for an infant born via a gestational
surrogate.<br />
This is the sort of legal complication that will occur repeatedly if
men are allowed to use these tests to accuse their wives of infidelity,
women’s rights advocates say.<br />
“If home testing kits were legally admissible, every person would be
under the scanner, every woman be suspect of cheating, and every child’s
paternity questioned,” said Ms. Sathe.<br />
<br />
<em>Anjali Thomas is a recent graduate of the Columbia University
Graduate School of Journalism. Ms. Thomas has worked with the Times of
India and Daily News and Analysis in Mumbai. </em><br />
</div>
</div>
Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-19545902017559767312013-08-26T08:36:00.000-07:002013-08-26T08:36:14.617-07:00Software That Exposes Faked Photos<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="" border="0" height="202" itemid="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2013/08/20/science/20SUBOBOX_SPAN/20SUBOBOX-articleLarge.jpg" itemprop="url" src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2013/08/20/science/20SUBOBOX_SPAN/20SUBOBOX-articleLarge.jpg" width="320" />
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Chris Gash</div>
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By
<span itemprop="author creator" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name">DOUGLAS QUENQUA</span></span></h6>
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Using algorithms designed to sniff out suspicious shadows, computer
scientists from Dartmouth and the University of California, Berkeley,
say they have developed software that can reliably detect fake or
altered photos. </div>
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The technique could be useful in the emerging field of photo forensics,
said Hany Farid, a Dartmouth computer science professor and developer of
the software. In the age of Photoshop, detecting manipulated photos is a
growing priority for lawyers, journalists and people involved in law
enforcement and national security. </div>
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To determine an image’s authenticity, the software uses geometric
formulas to analyze shadows to determine if they are all physically
consistent with a light source. Inconsistencies with the light or within
the shadows themselves — some of which may be invisible to the naked
eye — indicate the photo is doctored. </div>
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Analyzing shadows is a common technique in photo forensics, said <a href="http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/downloads/publications/tog13/tog13.pdf" title="Study PDF.">the study</a>,
being published in the September issue of ACM Transactions on Graphics.
But the eye simply cannot compete with the sophistication of today’s
image-manipulation software. </div>
<div itemprop="articleBody">
“Perceptual studies show that the brain is largely insensitive to gross
inconsistencies in shadows,” Dr. Farid said. “That means that an analyst
may not be very good at determining whether shadows are real or not.
But more importantly, it means a forger may not notice when he or she
places an incorrect shadow on an image.” </div>
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To demonstrate the software, the researchers ran an analysis of a
picture of the 1969 moon landing. They determined that the image was not
a fake. <strong> </strong> </div>
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<h6 class="metaFootnote">
A version of this article appears in print on August 20, 2013, on page <span itemprop="printSection">D</span><span itemprop="printPage">2</span> of the <span itemprop="printEdition">New York edition</span> with the headline: Technology: Software That Exposes Faked Photos.</h6>
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Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-26949332305903155032013-08-26T08:31:00.000-07:002013-08-26T08:31:50.664-07:00Familiar DNA Leads to Arrest in Virginia <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="styles file-styles large media-element file-default" data-file_info="%7B%22fid%22:%225116%22,%22view_mode%22:%22default%22,%22type%22:%22media%22%7D"> <img alt="A familial DNA search has helped authorities in Virginia to find and arrest a suspect. Virginia is one of only a handful states that use the genetic material from relatives to track suspects in violent crimes who have left DNA at a crime scene but whose genetic fingerprint is not contained in any database." src="http://www.forensicmag.com/sites/forensicmag.com/files/styles/large/public/famDNA082313.jpg" style="float: right;" /></span>A familial DNA search has helped authorities in Virginia to find and arrest a suspect.<br />
The Virginia Department of Forensic Science confirmed the arrest. But
officials would not provide details at the request of a local
prosecutor and the law enforcement agency that requested the search, the
Richmond Times-Dispatch (<a href="http://bit.ly/1eWLqxK">http://bit.ly/1eWLqxK</a>) reported.<br />
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Several cases linked by DNA appeared to have been the work of the
same person, said Brad Jenkins, program manager for the department’s
forensic biology section. He did not specify the type of crime or
crimes.<br />
“We conducted a familial search and came up with a possible relative
of the perpetrator. Police did their investigation and we did additional
DNA (testing) and a person was arrested,” Jenkins told the newspaper.<br />
Virginia is one of only a handful states that use the genetic
material from relatives to track suspects in violent crimes who have
left DNA at a crime scene but whose genetic fingerprint is not contained
in any database.<br />
Some states have shunned the controversial approach to track violent
offenders because of privacy or fairness concerns. It was approved for
use in Virginia in 2011.<br />
Virginia, a national leader in DNA testing, requires that persons
convicted of certain crimes provide a sample of their DNA for inclusion
in a state databank. When DNA found at a crime scene does not match any
genetic fingerprint in state or national databases, investigators often
run into a dead end in important cases that have gone cold.<br />
Under the familial DNA program, genetic profiles left at crime scenes
can be used to find near-matches in databases that could be a suspect’s
close relative. Then investigators hunt down the suspect to get his or
her DNA sample for a traditional DNA test.<br />
In California, a familial DNA search led to the arrest in 2010 of a
suspect in the “Grim Sleeper” slayings in the Los Angeles area.
Investigators were led to Lonnie Franklin Jr. after his son was arrested
on an unrelated matter and swabbed for DNA. The sample came back as
similar to evidence in the serial killings. Franklin has pleaded not
guilty to 10 counts of murder and one attempted murder charge.<br />
Source: Associated Press<br />
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<a href="http://www.forensicmag.com/product-categories/analysis-instruments" rel="tag" title="">For details:- Analysis Instruments</a></div>
Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-20990059652899075422013-08-24T23:15:00.001-07:002013-08-24T23:15:30.688-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1>
Traditional Medicines Found To Contain Toxins And Illegal Ingredients</h1>
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<br />
<small> <a href="http://www.asianscientist.com/category/health-medicine/" rel="category tag" title="View all posts in Health & Medicine">Health & Medicine</a></small><br />
<div class="postexcerpt">
Researchers have discovered that some
traditional Chinese medicines contain potentially toxic plant
ingredients, allergens, and even traces of endangered animals. <br />
</div>
Researchers at Murdoch
University have used new DNA sequencing technology to study the animal
and plant composition of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) – with
worrying results.<br />
The results, published in the journal <em>PLoS Genetics</em>, revealed that some TCMs contained potentially toxic plant ingredients, allergens and even traces of endangered animals. <br />
<blockquote>
“TCMs have a long cultural history but today, consumers
need to be aware of the legal and health safety issues before adopting
them as a treatment option,” said research leader and Murdoch University
Australian Research Council Future Fellow, Dr. Mike Bunce.</blockquote>
Fifteen TCM samples, seized by border officials, in the form of
powders, tablets, capsules, flakes and herbal teas were audited using
the DNA preserved in the samples. In total, the researchers found 68
different plant families in the medicines, representing complex mixtures
of species.<br />
<blockquote>
“Some of the TCMs contained plants of the genus <em>Ephedra</em> and <em>Asarum</em>.
These plants contain chemicals which can be toxic if the wrong dosage
is taken, but none of them actually listed concentrations on the
packaging,” said Bunce.<br />
“We also found traces from trade restricted animals that are
classified as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered,
including the Asiatic black bear and Saiga antelope.”</blockquote>
Until now it has been difficult to determine the biological origins
of ingredients contained within TCMs because processing into pills and
powders makes identification difficult. Using second-generation, high
throughput sequencing, the team was able to apply DNA techniques to
audit the species composition.<br />
Another worrying concern is the mislabeling of TCMs meaning consumers
are unaware of the presence of some ingredients including animal DNA
and potentially allergens such as soy or nuts.<br />
<blockquote>
“A product labeled as 100 percent Saiga antelope
contained considerable quantities of goat and sheep DNA,” Bunce said.
“Another product, Mongnan Tianbao pills, contained deer and cow DNA, the
latter of which may violate religious or cultural strictures.”</blockquote>
Incorrect labeling makes it difficult to enforce legislation and to prosecute cases of illegal trade.<br />
<blockquote>
“It is hoped that this new approach to genetically audit
medicinal products will bring about a new level of regulation to the
area of complementary and alternative medicine,” Bunce said.</blockquote>
Bunce and his team have applied for funding from the Australian
National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) to expand the use
of these new DNA tests in other wildlife forensic applications, such as
to evaluate other herbal medicines.<br />
The article can be found at: <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002657;jsessionid=0A1B4CAE04864397B22BBED23D83D6BD" target="_blank" title="Coghlan ML et al. (2012)">Coghlan
ML et al. (2012) Deep Sequencing of Plant and Animal DNA Contained
within Traditional Chinese Medicines Reveals Legality Issues and Health
Safety Concerns</a>.<br />
——<br />
Source: <a href="http://www.murdoch.edu.au/" target="_Blank" title="Murdoch University">Murdoch University</a>.<div id="__tbSetup">
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Dr. Abhishek Karnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07792978939004537351noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5840712368524291408.post-10445118514503043392013-08-24T10:25:00.004-07:002013-08-24T10:27:37.877-07:00New Forensic Technique for Analyzing Lipstick Traces<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><u><b>New Forensic Technique for Analyzing Lipstick Traces </b></u></span></div>
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Univ. of Kent </div>
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<span class="styles file-styles large media-element file-default" data-file_info="%7B%22fid%22:%224531%22,%22view_mode%22:%22default%22,%22type%22:%22media%22%7D"> <img src="http://www.forensicmag.com/sites/forensicmag.com/files/styles/large/public/new_5.jpg" style="float: right;" /></span>A
study by forensic scientists at the Univ. of Kent has established a new
way of identifying which brand of lipstick someone was wearing at a
crime scene without removing the evidence from its bag, thereby avoiding
possible contamination.</div>
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<div>
Using a technique called Raman spectroscopy, which detects laser
light, forensic investigators will be able to analyse lipstick marks
left at a crime scene, such as on glasses, a tissue, or cigarette butts,
without compromising the continuity of evidence as the sample will
remain isolated.</div>
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Analysis of lipstick traces from crime scenes can be used to
establish physical contact between two individuals, such as a victim and
a suspect, or to place an individual at a crime scene.</div>
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The new technique is particularly significant for forensic science
as current analysis of lipstick traces relies on destructive forensic
techniques or human opinion.<br />
</div>
<div>
"Continuity of evidence is of paramount importance in forensic
science and can be maintained if there is no need to remove it from the
bag. Raman spectroscopy is ideal as it can be performed through
transparent layers, such as evidence bags. For forensic purposes Raman
spectroscopy also has the advantages that microscopic samples can be
analyzed quickly and non-destructively," says Prof. Michael Went of the
University’s School of Physical Sciences.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Raman spectroscopy is a process involving light and vibrational
energy of chemical bonds. When a material — in this case lipstick
— scatters light, most of the light is scattered at its original
wavelength but a very small proportion is scattered at altered
wavelengths due to changes in vibrational energy of the material’s
molecules. This light is collected using a microscope to give a Raman
spectrum which gives a characteristic vibrational fingerprint which can
be compared to spectra of lipsticks of various types and brands. Hence
it is possible to determine identity of the lipstick involved.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Research into applying the same method on other types of cosmetic
evidence, such as foundation powders, eye-liners and skin creams is also
underway.</div>
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<div>
Source: <a href="http://www.kent.ac.uk/news/stories/LipstickTraces/2013" target="_blank">Univ. of Kent</a></div>
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